Ventilator-associated pneumonia—Understanding epidemiology and pathogenesis to guide prevention and empiric therapy Patrick Francioli, Jean Chastre,

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Ventilator-associated pneumonia—Understanding epidemiology and pathogenesis to guide prevention and empiric therapy Patrick Francioli, Jean Chastre, Martin Langer, Jose Ignacio Santos, Pramod M Shah, Antonio Torres Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 3, Pages S61-S76 (April 1997) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00647.x Copyright © 1997 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Routes of infection in ventilator-associated pneumonia Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1997 3, S61-S76DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00647.x) Copyright © 1997 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effect of anti-ulcer prophylaxis on the incidence on pneumonia. With permission of Annals of Internal Medicine 64. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1997 3, S61-S76DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00647.x) Copyright © 1997 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Summary of reported cases of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically-ventilated patients randomized to stress bleeding prophylaxis with sucralfate (▪) versus antacids (□) and H2 blockers (□) or H2 blockers alone (▪). Adapted from Craven et al. 72. Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Williams & Wilkins (1990). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1997 3, S61-S76DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00647.x) Copyright © 1997 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions