Q.Q. 2/11/19 a) Working with your partner, organize Legos into groups, creating your own categories. There is not a RIGHT or WRONG way to group them- you choose! b) Write your categories in your notebook and draw a picture of your Lego groupings. Example: copyright cmassengale
Organizing and Classifying the Diversity of Organisms
copyright cmassengale Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale
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What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale
Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale
Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really “fish” Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 9 9
Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale 10 10
copyright cmassengale Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat –land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the naming system still used today: Binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Classified organisms by their structure copyright cmassengale
Standardized Naming- Binomial Nomenclature Turdus migratorius Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing American Robin copyright cmassengale
Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale
Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale
Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which organisms are placed based on evolutionary relationships. There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale *To HELP you Remember: Dear King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti copyright cmassengale
Q.Q. 02/13 Based on their names, the felines Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus do NOT belong to the same: family species genus kingdom
Q.Q. 02/13 Based on their names, the felines Lynx canadensis and Lynx rufus do NOT belong to the same: family species genus kingdom
Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Saturday *To HELP you Remember: TAXONOMY OF SPECIES Smallest grouping Largest group Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Saturday S G F O C P K D
copyright cmassengale Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains: Archaea - unicellular prokaryotes Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotes (NO nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya - more complex WITH a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale
3 Domains of Life
copyright cmassengale ARCHAEA Kingdom= Archaebacteria Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH, EXTREME environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants Thermal or Volcanic Vents Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale BACTERIA Kingdom= Eubacteria Most common; some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale
Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale
Domain Eukarya is Divided into FOUR Kingdoms Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Algae, seaweed copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale
QUESTION #1: Two worms in the same class must also be grouped in the same Order Phylum Genus Family Species
QUESTION #1: Two worms in the same class must also be grouped in the same Order Phylum Genus Family Species
QUESTION #2: Which of the following is the most inclusive Order Genus Kingdom Species Domain
QUESTION #2: Which of the following is the most inclusive Order Genus Kingdom Species Domain
QUESTION #3: Which of the following is the most exclusive Order Genus Kingdom Species Domain
QUESTION #3: Which of the following is the most exclusive Order Genus Kingdom Species Domain
Ticket Out! Using your phone, research the classification taxonomy of your assigned “Sticker” animal. Record on your worksheet and glue in notebook.
copyright cmassengale Q.Q. 2/13/19 Complete the Taxonomy Concept Map and glue in notebook! WRITE DATE AT TOP! Use notes from yesterday copyright cmassengale
3 Domains of Life
copyright cmassengale Cladograms Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales *on main branch Organizes groups of organisms by common evolutionary ancestry *WRITE: Outgroup- group of organisms that do NOT share the derived character copyright cmassengale
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copyright cmassengale Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale
HUMAN EVOLUTION Earliest hominid fossils found in East Africa 6-7 Million years ago
Lucy Tree climbing, also discuss big toe position Human and Chimp
Human chromosome 2 and its homologues in chimpanzees & gorillas Figure 20.7 Human chromosome 2 and its homologues in chimpanzees and gorillas The banding patterns on stained chromosomes reveal that human chromosome 2 is derived from the fusion of two chromosomes that remain separate in the other great apes. From Hacia (2001).
Features that differ between humans and apes Bipedalism Skull size -> Brain size Position of skull on spine -> foramen magnum Pelvis size Teeth
Timing divergence from the molecular clock and fossils Figure 20.6 Divergence times for the apes Stauffer and colleagues estimated the dates of the common ancestors on this phylogeny by combining data from dozens of proteins used as molecular clocks. The heavy bars show +/- 1 standard error around the time estimates; the lighter bars show 95% confidence intervals. From Stauffer et al. (2001).
copyright cmassengale Ticket Out! Complete Cladogram Practice – answer questions, glue in notebook, and get initialed for classwork credit! copyright cmassengale
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