Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery I. Preparation for Discovery

Motives for Exploration Marco Polo Search for New Trade Routes Genoa controlled northern overland routes Venice controlled southern routes

Motives for Exploration Search for New Trade Routes Ottoman Turks Was there a route to the East entirely by sea?

Motives for Exploration Quest for Gold Stories of great stores of gold in Africa Desire for Adventure and Glory

Motives for Exploration Religious Concerns Fear of a Muslim invasion of Europe Prester John Most were Roman Catholic

Motives for Exploration Competition Among European Nations Commercial rivalry Wealth and power Colonization

Tools for Exploration Maps Instruments Compass Astrolabe, quadrant, and cross-staff Determine latitude Disadvantages

Tools for Exploration Seagoing Vessels Ships with oars Ships with triangular sails More easily maneuvered Ships with square sails More power

Tools for Exploration Seagoing Vessels Caravel Fast and light Both square and triangular sails

Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery II. Process of Discovery

Portugal and Spain Advantages Motivating forces Portugal Rounds Africa Prince Henry “The Navigator” School of navigation

Portugal and Spain Portugal Rounds Africa Bartolomeu Dias Rounded the southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama Reached India Traded for spices Broke Muslim trade monopoly

Portugal and Spain Spain Sails Westward Christopher Columbus Thought he could reach the Orient by sailing west Support of Ferdinand and Isabella Total of four voyages Line of Demarcation

Line of Demarcation Encouraged Portugal to colonize in Africa and the East Indies

Line of Demarcation Gave Spain nearly all the New World, except Brazil Cut Spain off from going east around Africa to get to India and China

Portugal and Spain Spain Sails Westward Ferdinand Magellan Only one of his five ships completed the voyage First circumnavigation of the earth One great body of water covered the earth

Europe and the New World Amerindian Civilizations “Indians” North American Indians Northeast Southeast Plains Southwest West Coast

Europe and the New World North American Indians had less structured civilizations Lived in small groups of tribes Central and South American Indians had more structured civilizations

Europe and the New World Mayan civilization 4th-10th centuries Yucatan Peninsula Accomplishments Aztecs Tenochtitlán Fighters Never developed a real empire

Europe and the New World Inca Empire Peru Conquered neighboring peoples Accomplishments

Europe and the New World Spanish Exploration Conquistadors Search for riches Convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism Establish Spanish authority

Europe and the New World Vasco Núñez de Balboa Panama First European to see the Pacific Ocean

Europe and the New World Hernando Cortés Mexico Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought he might be a returning god Conquered Aztecs and began to build Mexico City Viceroys

Europe and the New World Francisco Pizarro Probably the cruelest Held Atahualpa for ransom Conquered the Incans Founded the city of Lima Bartolomé de las Casas Condemned treatment of Indians “New Laws”

Europe and the New World Hernando de Soto Searched southeastern United States Discovered Mississippi River Francisco Vásquez de Coronado “Seven Cities of Cibola” Southwestern United States

Europe and the New World French, Dutch, and English Exploration French Explorers: Jacques Cartier Three voyages to eastern Canada Montreal

Europe and the New World Samuel de Champlain “Father of New France” Quebec Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet Explored Mississippi River “Louisiana”

Europe and the New World Dutch Explorers: Henry Hudson Hudson River The Dutch subsequently founded New Amsterdam

Europe and the New World English Explorers: John Cabot Jamestown Captain John Smith

Europe and the Orient The West Reaches the East The Portuguese Pedro Cabral Trading post in India Affonso de Albuquerque

Europe and the Orient The Portuguese Built a commercial empire Fatal weaknesses

Europe and the Orient The Dutch Took over much of what Portugal had earlier claimed Only nation Japan would trade with Cape Town colony

Europe and the Orient The English Persian Gulf India

Europe and the Orient The East Responds to the West Resistance in China Macao Japan initially more friendly Francis Xavier Became mostly closed to Europeans

Chapter 13: Exploration and Discovery III. Parallel to Discovery: The Commercial Revolution

Commercial Revolution Changes in business thinking and practice

Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth Newly found wealth should benefit the mother country Goal of nations: Obtain as much precious metal as possible

Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth Colonies existed to: Supply the mother country with raw materials Provide markets where goods from the mother country could be sold

Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth Government regulated a nation’s economic activity Wealth usually hoarded in royal treasuries

Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth Goal: To advance wealth Individuals often organized companies Joint-stock company Capital Dividends

Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth Important joint-stock companies: English East India Company Dutch East India Company French Company of New France

Capitalism: Individuals Advancing Wealth Settlements Prospectus Underwriter