Types of educational/instructional methods September 2016 Supporting the Agency for Professional Development of Teachers in Serbia (ZAVOD) Workshop Types of educational/instructional methods September 2016 Beograd Prepared by Univ. Prof Dr Viktor Jakupec

Types of educational/instructional methods Learning Outcomes The learner understands and uses a variety of adult learning educational/instructional teaching-learning methods Teaching Activity Introduction of the concepts, characteristics and applications of teaching-learning methods for adult learning education/instruction (presentation and open forum) ) Learning Activity Define and select a variety of teaching-learning methods for adult learning education/instruction and determine how learning will take place and select the appropriate methods and alternatives (group activity) 1

Types of educational/instructional methods Introduction to Topic Educational/ instructional methods as teaching-learning paradigms Concepts and characteristics of teaching-learning methods Types and applications of teaching-learning methods Activity: Apply What You Have Learnt 2

Types of educational/instructional methods Introduction to Topic – A theoretical background Two major theories inform adult learning theory and practice: Behaviourism Constructivism, (i.e. a branch of cognitive theory). These theories influence teaching-learning methods Behaviourism asserts that learning can only be assessed through direct observation; positive and negative reinforcement - feedback is necessary for learning, and unlearning Constructivism concerns itself with creating an environment where a learning process can proceed creatively and productively. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=ojwed 2

Types of educational/instructional methods Educational/ instructional methods as teaching-learning paradigms Paradigm 1: Self-directed learning Self-directed Instructor-directed Open-learning styles Prescribed learning styles Open / flexible curriculum Imposed curriculum Process-oriented Content-oriented 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Educational/ instructional methods as teaching-learning paradigms Paradigm 1: Self-directed learning (Knowles 1984. p.12) A learner’s self-concept moves from dependency to independency or self- directedness. A learner accumulates a reservoir of experiences that can be used as a basis on which to build learning. A learner’s readiness to learn becomes increasingly associated with the developmental tasks of social roles. A learner’s time and curricular perspectives change from postponed to immediacy of application and from subject-centeredness to performance- centeredness. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal. 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Educational/ instructional methods as teaching-learning paradigms Paradigm 2: Life-long learning Rapid Changes in Knowledge (knowledge half-life) Ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated Learning for Personal Development Learning for Professional Development Accept responsibility for own learning View challenges as opportunities for professional growth Identify own learning methods Design professional learning goals 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Comparing some characteristics of teaching-learning methods Traditional Methods Contemporary Methods Lectures (teacher/instructor bases education) Active learning (problem-based, project-based, group-based, peer-based , individualised learning) Using “one-size fits all” curriculum content Differentiating content to suit learners’ needs Assigning rote learning as activity Enable learners to use what they learned in the learning situation to discuss, theorise, analyse, critique, evaluate, compare and apply to their life-world Assessment through tests and examination Provide learners with a range of strategies to demonstrate their knowledge, skills, capacities and competencies Using resources that suit instruction/teacher Use engaging resources that are seen relevant to the situation, encourage learners to design/produce own learning resources 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Concepts and characteristics of teaching-learning methods for CPD Educational/Instructional methods should Ensure learners’ capabilities to keep pace with the current standards of others in the same field. Ensure that learners maintain and enhance the knowledge and skills you need to deliver a professional service to your customers, clients and the community. Ensure learners’ knowledge stays relevant and up to date. The learners are more aware of the changing trends and directions in their profession. The pace of change is probably faster than it’s ever been – and this is a feature of the new normal that we live and work in. Help learners to continue to make a meaningful contribution to their organisation and team, becoming more effective in the workplace.. (…2) 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Types and applications of teaching-learning methods Lectures Problem-based learning Project-based learning Group learning Role playing Peer learning Demonstration 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Concepts and characteristics of teaching-learning methods for CPD (continuation) Educational/Instructional methods should Help learners to stay interested and interesting.  Focused CPD opens you up to new possibilities, new knowledge and new skill areas. Help learners to deliver a deeper understanding of what it means to be a professional, along with a greater appreciation of the implications and impacts of their work. Help learners to advance the body of knowledge and technology within their profession Help learners to increase public confidence in individual professionals and their profession as a whole 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Types and applications of teaching-learning methods Lectures Transmission of data, information and knowledge (passive learning) Transmission of ideas and theories Structured and predetermine content delivery Based on inductive or deductive reasoning 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Problem-based learning Challenges students to learn through engagement in a real problem. Develops both problem solving strategies and disciplinary knowledge, skills and capacities through active problem-solving. Approach Phase 1. Identify the problem address the “what and why” of the problem Phase 2. Gather information and list it under a heading entitled: "What do we already know?” Phase 3. Engage with the problem by addressing "What do we need to know (to solve this problem)? Phase 4. Phases 1-3 should inform what to do in order to solve the problem. 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Project-based learning (inquiry learning) Enables learners to explore real-world situations and challenges and obtain a deeper knowledge of the subjects they are studying. Approach Phase 1. Learners are given an in-depth issue to explore (open-ended question “essential question”) Phase 2. Learners define a the issues to be addressed as a “project” Phase 3. Learners collect, analyse and synthesise data and information Phase 4. Learners develop alternative solutions to the project Phase 5. Learners evaluate alternatives according to pre-determined criteria Phase 6. Learners finalise solution 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Group Learning Enables learners to explore real-world situations and challenges and obtain a deeper knowledge of the subjects they are studying. Approach Phase 1. Set learning goals for the group Phase 2. Group allocates specific activities to each group member Phase 3. Each group member undertakes tasks and reports back to the whole group Phase 4. Group evaluates abn assesses the usefulness and relevance of each member’s tasks Phase 5. Group consolidates outcomes of each specific tasks (knowledge transfer between members of and within the group) 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Role playing Enables learners to explore real-world situations and challenges and obtain a deeper knowledge of the subjects they are studying. Approach Phase 1. Define the issue to be addressed Phase 2. Allocate roles Phase 3. Establish the situation/setting (setting the scenario) Phase 4. Pose the issue to be addressed Phase 5. Moderate discussion (use for example Plato’s dialectic method of cross-examination Phase 6. Draw conclusions 15

Types of educational/instructional methods Activities Participants to chose a real-life problem, project, or issue Define and select one of the teaching-learning methods for adult learning education/instruction Develop a learning plan (i.e. how learning will take place) Justify the selected methods vis-à-vis alternatives (group activity) Present findings to other groups 15