The Role of DNA, DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Advertisements

DNA Replication.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DNA RNA Protein Scientists call this the: Central Dogma of Biology!
Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
DNA & Genetics Biology. Remember chromosomes? What are genes? Made up of DNA and are units of heredity; unique to everyone What are traits? Are physical.
DNA.
Mrs. Degl Molecular Genetics DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a.
RNA & Protein Synthesis.
How Genes Work. Structure of DNA DNA is composed of subunits – nucleotides Three parts Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogen base – 2.
DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid – is the information code to make an organism and controls the activities of the cell. –Mitosis copies this code so that all.
DNA, mRNA, and Protein Synthesis TAKS Review for April 22 test.
DNA & RNA Replication & Transcription Central Dogma: DNA—RNA--Protein.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 10 – 1 DNA 10 – 2 RNA 10 – 3 Protein Synthesis.
DNA, RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. WHAT MAKES UP DNA? IT IS A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF CHEMICAL SUBUNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES.
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA & RNA. DNA-DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  DNA is the genetic material present in chromosomes  Made up of monomers called “nucleotides”
DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid – is the information code to make an organism and controls the activities of the cell. –Mitosis copies this code so that all.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Nucleic acid that composes chromosomes and carries genetic information.
Protein Synthesis DNA&RNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Shape - double helix - twisted ladder Shape - double helix - twisted ladder.
DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Biology Corsicana High School.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis How we make the proteins that our body is made of.
DNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Material Biology Unit 11.
Genetics.
Unit 2.1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GENETICS
Notes: Transcription DNA vs. RNA
Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
DNA Structrue & Function
What is a genome? The complete set of genetic instructions (DNA sequence) of a species.
Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis
Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single-stranded
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA The Secret Code.
Unit 8 – DNA Structure and Replication
DNA.
DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA Structure and Function
Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics.
Agenda 4/23 and 4/24 DNA replication and protein synthesis review
DNA and Heredity DNA Structure and Function - Amoeba Sisters
DNA, RNA & PROTEINS Part 1 The molecules of life.
Genetics.
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
DNA The Secret Code.
Nucleotide.
DNA and Genes Chapter 11.
DNA and Heredity DNA Structure and Function - Amoeba Sisters
DNA and Heredity DNA Structure and Function - Amoeba Sisters
Unit 2.1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GENETICS
DNA and Heredity Module 6.
Unit 2.1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GENETICS
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Molecular Basis of Heredity
Review.
RNA: Structures and Functions
DNA and Genes Chapter 13.
DNA and Heredity DNA Structure and Function - Amoeba Sisters
THE DNA/PROTEIN CONNECTION
Unit Animal Science.
Genes and Protein Synthesis Review
Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics.
DNA Structure and Function Notes
DNA and Heredity Module 6.
DNA and RNA.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Unit 3: Genetics Part 1: Genetic Informaiton
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Presentation transcript:

The Role of DNA, DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

The Role of DNA Storing information – genetic information stored within the double helix inside the nucleus Copying information – replicate DNA during mitosis/meiosis (passes info on to new generation of cells) Transmitting information – Synthesize mRNA from DNA template to make proteins

Molecular Basis of Heredity

DNA Structure & Chemical Make-up 5 end Hydrogen bond 3 end 1 nm 3.4 nm 3 end 0.34 nm 5 end Key features of DNA structure Partial chemical structure Space-filling model

DNA Molecule Genes are made up of molecules of DNA: “Deoxyribonucleic acid” Found in nucleus. Controls manufacture of enzymes, proteins Made up of repeating subunits known as nucleotide subunits.

The nucleotide is made of 3 “parts” } 1. Phosphate group A sugar, called “deoxyribose” Nitrogenous base (the “rungs of the ladder”) (“sides” of the ladder)

Note: 5’-3’ arrangement, Hydrogen bonds between bases, NUCLEOTIDE = base, Phosphate group and sugar (deoxyribose) Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) DNA nucleotide

Nucleotides - DNA Adenine “A” (always pairs with “T”) Nitrogenous base: Adenine “A” (always pairs with “T”) Thymine “T” (always pairs with “A”) Guanine “G” (always pairs with “C”) Cytosine “C” (always pairs with “G”) Forms the “rung” of the ladder

DNA Replication During reproduction DNA makes exact copies of itself called REPLICATION. Occurs in nucleus during both mitosis and meiosis. TEMPLATE: Each side serves as a pattern or template (semi-conservative). Each base pair will attract the complementary nucleotide A—T or G—C

In a nutshell…DNA Replication – NOTE base-pairing rules: A-T, G-C The nucleotides are connected to form the sugar-phosphate back-bones of the new strands. Each “daughter” DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one new strand. The parent molecule has two complementary strands of DNA. Each base is paired by hydrogen bonding with its specific partner, A with T and G with C. The first step in replication is separation of the two DNA strands. Each parental strand now serves as a template that determines the order of nucleotides along a new, complementary strand.

DNA Replication…the big picture

DNA Replication requires HELP! Helicase (enzyme) – separates the two strands of DNA SSB (single strand binding protein) – keeps DNA from coiling back up DNA Primase (enzyme) – marks the spot on DNA where replication will start DNA polymerase (enzyme) – lays down complementary nucleotides to exposed template and proofreads Ligase (enzyme)– ‘glues’ the new DNA strands together

As you can see, there are a lot of ENZYMES involved! The nitty gritty

Central Dogma of Biology

TYPES of RNA Type of RNA Functions Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes (disposable copy of recipe) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Makes ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers amino acid to ribosome to assemble polypeptide (which will become a final protein)

Transcription (DNA RNA) Note: Base-pairing rules: DNA mRNA T A A U G C C G

Translation – reading the mRNA and assembling the polypeptide How do we “read” the mRNA? 3-letter CODONS (AUG) What does the CODON say? Identifies the AMINO ACID needed. How does the amino acid get to the ribosome? tRNA How does the ribosome know it’s the right tRNA? tRNA has the ANTICODON to the mRNA codon

Protein Synthesis Summary