GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT UNIT 2 INFANT

TERMS & DEFINITIONS Bond Cognitive Conceptualize Deciduous teeth Dentition Environmental Fine motor Fontanel Gross motor Incisor Protest Puree Reflex

Aspects of Normal G & D Rapid growth 6 months – doubles birth weight 12 months – triples birth weight 1st 6 months – height increase 6 inches 2nd 6 months – another 4-6 inches Growth gradually slows after 1st year

Skeletal System Skull circumference - Size increase Fontanels - Anterior - Posterior - Purpose - Appearance

Skeletal system Skeleton Different Proportions Trunk fastest growing part Teeth Lower central incisors Eruption rate varies 1 yr: ~ 6 teeth: lower central, upper central & lateral incisors Fluoride supplements

Muscular System Muscle fibers same as adult Boys more muscle tissue at birth & life span Cephalocaudal, proximal-distal developmental pattern Increase control of muscles Fine motor control

Neurological development Gain muscular control Immature system @ birth 1. Protective reflexes 2. Infant only reflexes a. Rooting b. Sucking c. Protrusion (extrusion)

Neurological (cont) Other infant only reflexes --Step (Dance) --Grasp (Palmar) --Moro (Startle) --Tonic neck

Sight Human face & moving objects Retina fully developed 4 months, can see at birth Focus & coordination 6 months Tears 2 – 3 months

Hearing Tone represents meanings Mother’s voice & others Soothing voices = quiet Loud voices = startle reflex Eustachian tube Short & straight = increase infection frequencies

Taste & smell Touch ==present ==developing ==sensitive to touch ==pain sensitivity

Skin Good turgor, texture Increase bathing with age Assess skin hydration

Circulatory Respiratory A. Apical pulse Birth 30 – 60 Stabilizes to 30 100-160 B. Blood pressure 90/60 Respiratory Birth 30 – 60 Stabilizes to 30 B. Note chest movements

Gastrointestinal Digest basic nutrients Drooling begins 2-4 months Active peristalsis Stools: soft progresses to form Breast fed versus formula BM frequency: 2 month old – 2/day @ 4 months more predictable

Urinary Sleep Amount increase with age Large amount of sleep preserves energy for high rate of internal growth

Erickson’s Psychosocial Task Trust vs. mistrust Optimism, warmth vs. Sense of deprivation - Needs dependent on others = trust in people & environment, if met Social ability fluctuates Smile is general initially - Then smiles in response to familiar objects & people - After 6-7 months; fear strangers; cling to familiar people - Full socialization later

Cognitive development - Piaget Sensorimotor – up to 2 years - Interacts with & copes with environment Perfects skills by trial & error Learning - Actions memorized & repetition helps to learn - Modeling, shaping & encouragement Language acquisition

Psychosexual development - Freud Oral stage Birth - 1 year Mouth = comfort & pleasure

Health Promotion Measures Adequate rest Exercise Elimination Disease prevention Diaper Rash

Immunization Merits Prevent undue risk of serious illness Preventable diseases Epidemics can occur Parent loses work hours Illness increases Dr./hospital visits & costs Required for school entrance A way to show you care

Immunization Merits Delay or interruption doesn’t interfere with final immunity The common cold is not considered sufficient reason for delay.

Nutritional Needs Options Calorie requirement – 120/kg of body weight to 100/kg by end of 1st year Protein, fats, CHO, vitamins, minerals Breast milk Formula Guide to diet sufficient Solid foods

Safety Measures Motor vehicle accidents Aspiration of foreign objects Suffocation Burns Falls Drowning

Legal / Ethical Issues Child abuse Physical & sexual a. Reporting b. Eliminate the incidence c. Top priority – safety of the child d. Social level