Systems to Be Considered Currently

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Presentation transcript:

Systems to Be Considered Currently Gases Liquids Solids

Must Be in an Equilibrium State No Flow or Turbulence Independent of History No Thermal Gradients

Simple System Macroscopically homogeneous, isotropic, uncharged, and chemically inert, that [is] sufficiently large that surface effects can be neglected, and that are not acted upon by electric, magnetic or gravitational fields. Herbert B. Callen

Why a Limited Number of Variables?

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Heat Flows: High Temp – to – Low Temp Work – to – Heat 100% Efficient

James Prescott Joule (1818 – 1889) Julius Robert Mayer (1814 – 1878)

Steam Engines Rankine Cycle Camshaft Red = Hot Steam Yellow = Exhaust

Thomas Newcomen First Piston Steam Engine 1709 James Watt Improved Efficiency of Steam Engine 1765 Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot Analyzed the Steam Engine 1824

Engines and Refrigerators

Second Law (Kelvin Statement) Lord Kelvin (1824 – 1907)

Second Law (Clausius Statement) Rudolf Clausius (1822 – 1888)

Equivalence of 2nd Law Statements Assume the Clausius Stmt is Wrong

Assume the Kelvin Stmt is Wrong

Can Qh and Qc Have the Same Sign?

Can Irrev Engine be more Effec than Rev Engine?

Carnot Engine and Carnot Cycle Steam Engine Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot (1796 – 1832)

Clausius Inequality

Generalizing