The Making of a Revolution 1754-1783 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preludes to a Revolution The French and Indian War, 1754–1763. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 The war changed the landscape of North America. After the British victory, France ceded Canada and the land east of the Mississippi River to the British. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

North America Before and After the French and Indian War © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Causes: Europe 1740: Great Britain attacks French and Austrians the British capture Nova Scotia. The British Drama Spills over into North America British & Iroquois vs. French & Huron The British decide they want to expand their power westward The French build Ft. Duquesne basically deep into British territory

Milestones: Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union: Beginning of the American Republic in 1754. A meeting of colonists & Indians to plan the war 1st time the colonists meet without the presence of the British Crown Plan to elect a Grand Council Elected by the colonies to make decisions Plan a defense system for the colonies Plan a self imposed tax system to raise money They sent their plan to the colonial assembly & to Great Britain They BOTH shot down the plan Even though it was a failure it is the IDEA that they are meeting It’s the IDEA or the CONCEPT that they could meet without the crown

Milestones continued Washington gets his butt kicked trying to capture Ft. Duquesne William Pitt British secretary of state during the French and Indian War and later served as Prime Minister of Great Britain. Named secretary of state in 1757, Pitt resolved to commit whatever resources were necessary to defeat the French in North America and on the European continent. Under Pitt the British again attack and defeat the French and take Ft. Duquesne. The Battle of Quebec happens in 1759 1763 Paris Peace Settlement  basically gives North America to the British

Effects: Colonists realize the British AREN’T AWESOME Indian treatment & resentment Proclamation 1763 British Raise Taxes

BIG IDEA! Conception of the Republic WE COULD BE INDEPENDENT WE COULD UNITE WE COULD BE SEPARATE FROM CROWN

The Proclamation Line of 1763 In October 1763, the king issued a proclamation that there should be no British settlement west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains and that Indian rights to western lands would be protected forever. The line infuriated the British colonists. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pontiac and Indian Responses 1763 – Pontiac’s Rebellion: Pontiac and his followers attacked British forts across the region. Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region. Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. In July 1766 Pontiac signed a treaty of peace. Native Americans were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict. **The Rebellion was a reflection of a growing divide between the separate populations of the British colonists and Native Americans

The Paxton Boys and Rural White Responses The Paxton Boys decided to eliminate Indians. In December 1763, the Paxton Boys attacked a Delaware village, killed six people, and burned the town. Hatred of Indians would haunt the inhabitants of North America for a long time to come. The village of Paxton (Paxtang), a few miles east of Harrisburg in eastern Pennsylvania, became a hot-bed of racial and political unrest during Pontiac`s Rebellion. Still part of the frontier in the 1760s, the area was populated by many rough-and-tumble Scots-Irish immigrants who had grown weary of the colonial assembly’s inattention to their vulnerability to attack. A group of Paxton men took matters into their own hands in December 1763 and raided a small settlement of Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County. The frontiersmen`s fury was misplaced, however, since those natives had long lived in peace with their neighbors and had not participated in any way in the current uprising. Six Indians were killed in the attack and 14 taken captive; all of the prisoners were murdered several weeks later. In January 1764, a group of Paxton Boys began a march on the capital; the number of participants has been estimated to be between 600 and 1,500. As the mob neared Philadelphia, panic reigned. The strange spectacle of pacifists arming themselves with muskets and rolling cannon into public squares was observed. Church bells tolled the alarm. A possible disaster was averted in early February, when Benjamin Franklin and other civic leaders ventured out to consult with the mob`s leaders. An accommodation was reached in which the march was disbanded in return for the arrangement of a meeting between Paxton leaders and colonial officials. This airing of grievances occurred, but little was done for the plight of the frontiersmen. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Threats of New Taxes Victory in the war had virtually drained the kingdom’s treasury. In 1764, George Greenville and the majority in Parliament asked Britain’s North American colonists to pay what the authorities in London thought was a fair share of the war’s cost. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“The Revolution Was in the Minds of the People” According to John Adams, “The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, fifteen years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.” The revolutionary change took place for many reasons. ANTI-REVOLUTION: Loyalists African Slaves Native Americans

Transition from the “Rights of Man” to Revolt Throughout the 1770s, Locke’s ideas guided some of the Revolution’s most articulate advocates Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. They also believed in the need to overthrow unjust authorities. Republicanism: A complex, changing body of ideas values, and assumptions that held that self- government by the citizens of a country or their representatives provided a more reliable foundation for the good society and individual freedom than ruled by kings or any other distant elite. “America has set the example and France has followed it, of charters of power granted by liberty.” – James Madison Multiple revolutions are happening around the world: French Revolution 1789 – 1799 Haitian Revolution 1791 Latin American Revolutions 1810 - 1826 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Accompanying Revolution in Religion 1740 - Gilbert Tennant challenged the leaders of all Protestant denominations to judge their ministers. He was calling out to congregations that were not “pro-awakening” to challenge their ministers It was not a great leap to challenge civil authority as well.

Seaport Radicalism—From the Stamp Act to the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party British actions in the 1760s & 1770s escalated tensions in North American cities. The gov’t needed to pay off the debt from the F&I war, and with each attempt the resistance grew 1764 – Sugar Act 1765 – The Stamp Act (SON’S OF LIBERTY: formed an underground resistance to the acts) 1767 – Townshend duties 1773 – Tea Act Colonists saw each tax and act and an attack on their civil liberties. March 5th 1770 – Boston Massacre (3 died) 1773 – Boston Tea Party (probably the most famous act of resistance) Daughters of Liberty: Women’s response to the Sons of liberty, they opposed British measures, avoided British taxed tea, spun their own yarn and wove their own cloth to avoid purchasing British goods. Crispus Attucks, a former slave who was part African and part American Indian and who would be celebrated as the first man and first black person to die in the Revolution. The Boston Massacre fueled anger at the British authorities. British troops were pulled out too avoid further confrontation and Boston was left in the hands of an increasingly anti-British population

Revolts in the Back Country Rural people on the frontier from New York to the Carolinas were also taking matters into their own hands, but for different reasons. They called themselves The Regulators They violently opposed movements by the government to implement courts and offices attempting to force and punish people who didn’t pay taxes Throughout the colonies the most contentious issue for inland communities was relationships with Indian tribes. The ever increasing population of whites that demanded more land and encroached onto Indian territory increased attacks by Indians. Colonists wanted more land than the 1763 Proclamation Line allowed. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growing Unity in the Colonies—The First Continental Congress The colonies joined together in united action against British Tyranny 1774 – Philadelphia, First Continental Congress: meeting of delegates from most of the colonies held in Philadelphia in 1774 in response to the British efforts to tax the colonies. All colonies, except Georgia, sent representatives. At the time, few were ready to break with Britain, finding common ground wasn’t easy. Agreements: Their natural rights should not be infringed upon Ban on British imports A ban on exports A ban on the consumption of tea (symbolic) Meet again in May 1775 if relations with Britain didn’t improve

Talk of Freedom for Slaves Somerset Decision: 1772 ruling by Britain’s Lord Chief Justice in the case of James Somerset that set him free and essentially declared slavery illegal in England, though not in British colonies. The Somerset decision caused a considerable stir in the colonies and in Britain. Whites on both sides of the Atlantic noted the absurdity of colonists protesting their own perceived enslavement by Parliament while those same colonists enslaved Africans. “thousands of tens of thousands of their fellow creatures!” Quakers made it mandatory for members of their denomination to free their slaves or allow them to purchase their freedom 1700s the slave trade was still a profitable institution. Some whites wrote anti-slavery letters and pamphlets, 7K slaves were imported into Charleston in 1765 The debat around slavery was as heated as the debate around British rule, and no one living through these years could fail to notice the contradiction of fighting for liberty and enforcing slavery © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The War For Independence British Courts and Troops Stationed in the Colonies as the Revolution Began Patriots (Colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain) Loyalists (Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution)

From Lexington and Concord to Bunker Hill—Revolt Becomes War April 1775 – Battles of Lexington and Concord June 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill After that battle, however, the American forces became better organized and gained support from all 13 colonies. Battle between British soldiers and American “Minutemen” outside Boston that began the American Revolution. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

African-Americans in the Armies of Both Sides The outbreak of war opened a new avenue to freedom for American slaves. Some heard the rumor that the British intended to help of free the African’s In Winter 1777-78, Washington finally embraced black volunteers.

Moving Toward Independence May 1775 – Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia Delegates from the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to create a Continental army and prepare the colonies for war against Britain. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: Common Sense was a pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy and provided a rationale for American independence from Britain. It was written in plain terms that all Colonial Americans could understand. Common Sense was a pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy and provided a rationale for American independence from Britain. It was written in plain terms that all Colonial Americans could understand.

Declaring Independence, 1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the first draft of The Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted it. 1777- Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation. delegate from Virginia to the 2nd Continental Congress primary author of the Declaration of Independence (a committee of five) served as Governor of Virginia from 1779-1781 Ben Franklin Minister to France from 1776-1785 (helped secure the French alliance)

George Washington and His Victorious Patchwork Army Washington understood that though his army could fight, they could not withstand a direct battle with British regulars. For much of the war, his goal was not a decisive victory, but avoiding a decisive loss. He knew the British would tire of war. delegate from Virginia to the 1st Continental Congress Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Two Significant Battles Battle of Saratoga (New York), 1777 at attempt by the British to cut New England and the South off from one another by seizing control of New York the victory by the Continental Army convinced the French to join the war on the side of the colonists Battle of Yorktown (Virginia), 1781 combined French and Continental troops force the surrender of General Cornwallis and the British the last major battle of the American Revolution Colonial American victory forced the British to start negotiating a treaty to bring the war to an end

Treaty of Paris, 1783 the treaty officially ended the Revolution and recognized the United States as a free, sovereign, and independent nation Terms of the Treaty The Great Lakes served as the northern border of the United States The Mississippi River served as the western border of the United States Spain retained control of Florida (obvious problems later) Britain retained control of Canada (obvious problems later) the United States agreed to treat the loyalists fairly in the post war years the British agreed to remove all troops from United States territory

Major Battles of the American Revolution.