Vitamin D reduces high-fat diet induced weight gain and C-reactive protein, increases interleukin-10, and reduces CD86 and caspase-3 Asmaa M.S. Gomaa,

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Vitamin D reduces high-fat diet induced weight gain and C-reactive protein, increases interleukin-10, and reduces CD86 and caspase-3 Asmaa M.S. Gomaa, Ebtihal A. Abd El-Aziz Pathophysiology Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 31-37 (March 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 End body weight (a) and body weight gain (b) in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). * P<0.05, *** P<0.001 vs. the control group, and ### P<0.001 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Serum levels of calcium in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). ** P<0.01, ns: non significant vs. the control group, and # P<0.05 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 vs. the control group, and # P<0.05 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Serum levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation. Data are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). * P<0.05, *** P<0.001 vs. the control group, and ### P<0.001 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Haematoxylin and eosin staining of spleen in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation (a, b: control group; c, d: HFD-C group; e, f: HFD-T group). Magnification: a, c, e X100 and b, d, f X400. The control group shows the normal architecture of the spleen, the white pulp (WP) is composed of lymphoid follicles with closely packed lymphocytes (curved arrow) around a central arteriole (CA) and the red pulp (RP) is composed of a network of cell cords with vascular sinuses (VS) (a, b). The HFD-C group shows proliferation of the lymphatic follicles in the white pulp (arrows) (c), dilated VS in the red pulp and deposition of hemosiderin pigment (arrowheads). N.B. inset shows hemosiderin pigment (arrowheads) and apoptotic cells with vacuolated cytoplasm (tailed arrow) (d). The HFD-T group shows well-defined WP and RP (e) with scanty hemosiderin pigment deposition (arrowheads) (f). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Immunohistochemical staining of spleen CD86 in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation (a: control group; b: HFD-C group; c: HFD-T group; Magnification: X400) and its quantitative analysis (d). Immunochemical signal is seen as brown stain. The HFD-C group shows an increased positive expression of CD86 on the dendritic cells in the WP (arrow) of the spleen in comparison with the control group. The HFD-T group shows a decreased positive expression of CD86 on the dendritic cells in the WP (arrow) in comparison with the HFD-C and an increased positive expression of CD86 vs. the control group. Data in the bar graph are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). * P<0.05, *** P<0.001 vs. the control group, and ### P<0.001 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Immunohistochemical staining of spleen caspase-3 in response to HFD and vitamin D supplementation (a: control group; b: HFD-C group; c: HFD-T group; Magnification: X400) and its quantitative analysis (d). Immunochemical signal is seen as brown stain. An increased positive expression of caspase-3 in the HFD-C is seen when compared with the control group. The HFD-T group shows a decreased positive expression of caspase-3 vs. the HFD-C and an increased positive expression of caspase-3 vs. the control. Data in the bar graph are expressed as mean±SD (n=8 in each group). * P<0.05, *** P<0.001 vs. the control group, and ### P<0.001 vs. the HFD-C group. Pathophysiology 2017 24, 31-37DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions