How Human Populations have Changed * Agriculture Gives Rise to Cities Food Produced in country and consumed in cities Waste of populations concentrated in cities a. Sewage becomes a problem b. Plagues/Diseases spread easily

How Human Populations have Changed * Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: Shift from energy sources such as animals/running water to fossil fuels such as coal/oil. Increased use of fossil fuels greatly increased efficiency of agriculture, industry, and transportation Motorized vehicles allowed food & goods to be transported cheaply across greater distances

How Human Populations have Changed * Industrial Revolution On farms, machinery reduced amount of land and human labor needed to produce food. With fewer people producing their own food, populations in urban areas steadily grew. Urbanization: A shift of population from rural to urban areas Agriculture productivity increased; nutrition, sanitation, & medical care improved Human population exploded due to the Industrial Revolution

How Human Populations have Changed * Industrial Revolution Affect on Environment Problems like pollution and habitat loss In the 1900s, artificial substances like plastics, pesticides, and fertilizers made from fossil fuels replaced raw animal and plant products. The artificial substances can not be consumed/decompose by earth

How Human Populations have Changed * Industrial Revolution Affect on Environment Pollution: Presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance that has harmful or poisonous effects like excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation. Most pollution problems of today are caused by human activities

Environmental Science Ecology: the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. Environmental Science: Is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, geology) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.

Environmental Science Biodiversity (Click here for video) Biodiversity: The variety of genetic variation, variety of species in a community, or a variety of communities in an ecosystem. We depend on biodiversity for food, oxygen, medicine, and many other things

Environmental Science Sustainability: Is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely. Sustainability is a key goal of environmental science.

Environmental Science Ecological Footprint: Is a calculated impact of a person on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. Average US Ecological Footprint is 8.2 (global hectares), Japan 5.02, China 3.38, India 1.16, and Haiti is 0.6 An ecological footprint estimates the land used for crops, grazing, forests products, and housing. It also includes the ocean area used to harvest seafood and the forest area needed to absorb the air pollution caused by fossil fuels.

Graphing Independent Variable: A variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another. Dependent Variable: A variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. dependent Variable Independent Variable