European Nationalism Mid to 19th Century NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. Mid to 19th Century

What is Nationalism? the belief that a person’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When a nation has its own independent government it becomes a nation-state.

Nationalism Pros: Cons: People within a nation come together for the common good Overthrow colonial rulers Leads to democratic nations Competition amongst nations spurs advancements Forced assimilation of minority groups Ethnic cleaning ex: Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s The rise of extreme nationalism: Nazism Competition between nations leads to war

Italian Unification

Italian Unification: 19th Century Independent City – States subjected to foreign domination. Congress of Vienna Metternich Prevent Nationalism Risorgimento

Italian Nationalist Leaders Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] King Victor Emmanuel II Count Cavour [The “Head”]

Challenges of Unification Social and Economic Problems Regional differences Poverty and Emigration Serious problem Reforms Took too long

Garibaldi and His Red Shirts Unite with Cavour Followers known as Red Shirts because of colorful uniforms By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula Garibaldi offered Kingdom of Two Sicilies to Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

German Unification

German Nationalism: German nationalism slowly began to show in the early 1800’s. Germany was divided into a number of small states and desired a unification within them. Their goal was to become completely independent out of the control of all other nations as they had been in the past.

German Unification: 19th Century Congress of Vienna Factors of Unification Nationalism In Prussia Political Economic

Prussia/Austria Rivalry Prussia had a mainly German population with a strong sense of nationalism to unite Germany. Plus it had a great army. Austria had many ethnic groups which kept it from being unified.

Prussia: William I: (Wilhelm) Took the Prussian throne in 1861 Did not work well with Parliament He selected Junker (strong conservative member in Prussia) Otto von Bismarck to be his prime minister.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck The “Iron Chancellor” Realpolitik- meaning the politics of reality “Blood & Iron”

Prussian Expansion: Step 1 – The Danish War 1864 Schleswig and Holstein Austria and Prussia Prussia allied with Austria to take on the Danes to win 2 border provinces. Prussia Austria

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Bismarck stirred up trouble with Austria over the two areas they had just won. This provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia. Prussia’s superior army quickly defeated the Austrians. The Austrians were forced to give up their land to both Prussia and Italy. Prussia was now able to unite both E and W Prussia with the northern German states.

Prussian Expansion: Step #3:Franco-Prussian War Southern German States Catholic Bismarck decided that he would “rally” a war with France so the southern states would feel threatened and would unite with Prussia. He created the impression that King Wilhelm insulted the French ambassador causing the French to declare war. The Prussians quickly defeated the French allowing Germany to be united.

A United Germany The German Empire January 18, 1871 Kaiser Wilhem I Imperial Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck

A Growing Economy

Dreyfus Affair and Zionism Captain Alfred Dreyfus Anti – Semitism Pogroms, organized massacre of helpless people Zionism Homeland in Palestine

Eastern Europe in the Last Half of the 19c

Austria-Hungary: Austro – Prussian war Dual – Monarchy Ethnic Group differences Compromise of 1867 The Dual Monarchy  Austria- Hungary

Ottoman Empire: “sick man of Europe” Africa Internal Problems

Shift in Power: