The Unifications of Italy and Germany

Why Did Italy Unite The Spread of Nationalism Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism and Nationalism Split Defeat of Russia in Crimean War Isolation of Austria Re-emergence of France under Napoleon III

Italy Becomes a Nation-State Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Revolutionary democrat Republican

Maps

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Republican Revolutionary Military leader guerilla fighter

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861) Sardinian nobleman Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont King Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861) Conservative Ambitious Pragmatic

Before and After

Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873; r. 1848-1870) Nephew of Napoleon Re-emerging French Empire Sounded democratic Believed in personal rule and a centralized state Made a deal with Cavour: France promised Nice and Savoy (from Piedmont) Sardinia promised Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)

Unification Of Italy Timeline 1859 Austria goes to war against Sardinia-Piedmont (and France) 1860 Napoleon bails, but Austria cedes Lombardy Plebescites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena May 1860 Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily 1861 Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)

Massimo d'Azeglio First speaker of the new Italian Parliament: “We have made Italy, now we must make Italians!”

Unification of Germany, 1864-1871 Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Junker Brilliant diplomat “Blood and iron” Not revolution 1862 became Minister-President

The German Confederation 1815

Unification of Germany (cont.) William I, King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888) Schleswig-Holstein (1864) Austro-Prussian war of 1866 The Seven Weeks’ War

Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 Leopold von Hohenzollern Paris Commune January 18, 1871: Second German Empire (Reich) declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors

Unification of Germany