Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1

The Human Body: Anatomy & Physiology study of the structure and shape of the body and its part Physiology study of how the body and its parts function

Levels of Structural Organization Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Organ System Overview

Organ System Overview Integumentary System Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Muscular System Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Nervous System Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Endocrine System Secretes regulatory hormones Helps control growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Organ System Overview (continued) Cardiovascular System Transports materials such as oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body via the blood Lymphatic System Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Respiratory System Supplies body with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Digestive System Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains pH balance Regulates water and electrolytes Reproductive System Production of offspring

Necessary Life Functions Movement Locomotion and the movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and delivery of nutrients Metabolism Chemical reactions within the body Production of energy making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained through neural and hormonal control systems: Receptor Senses changes in the environment or stimuli Sends information to control center Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body