This set the stage for the next stage of greek civilization … I. EARLY GREEKS This set the stage for the next stage of greek civilization …

II.GREEK CITY-STATES GEOGRAPHY Mountainous terrain – travel by land was difficult; travel by boat was easier Farmers used terracing to farm in the hills: sheep, goats, honey, grapes, olives Shortage of good farmland led to wars Traded with the Phoenicians and Persians

II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: Greeks shared the same language Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin

II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities; Religion became the basis for Greek mythology Zeus King of the gods Athena Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite Goddess of love Apollo God of sun & music Ares God of war Hades God of underworld Hera Goddess of family Poseidon God of the seas Aphrodite The sensual goddess of Love and Beauty Apollo The youthful god of the Sun and the Music Ares The fierce god of War Artemis The wild goddess of the Hunt Athena The sophisticated goddess of Wisdom and Arts Demeter The natural goddess of the Harvest Dionysus The joyful god of the Wine Hades The gloomy god of the Underworld Hephaestus The ill-favored god of Metallurgy Hera The mature goddess of the Family Hermes The cunning god of the Trade Hestia The calm goddess of the Hearth Poseidon The moody god of the Seas Zeus The heavenly King of the Gods and ruler of mankind

The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis

Mycenae had a monarchy, a government ruled by a king II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Mycenae had a monarchy, a government ruled by a king

Corinth had an aristocracy, a gov’t ruled by elite nobles II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Corinth had an aristocracy, a gov’t ruled by elite nobles Practiced in Corinth

II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov’t ruled by a small group of citizens

II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov’t ruled by citizens who vote on decisions

II.GREEK CITY-STATES & Athens SPARTA & Athens

Spartan society focused on military might II.GREEK CITY-STATES CULTURE SPARTA Spartan society focused on military might Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning http://youtu.be/McwmRQUTfKk Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old Boys began military training at age 7 http://youtu.be/j-Y4wluZLJc Women ran family estates while men trained or fought

II.GREEK CITY-STATES SPARTA CULTURE SPARTA Spartan population was divided into three main groups: at the top was Spartan Proper, in the middle was Spartiates, and at the bottom was Perioikoi or “Dwellers Around” around 735 B.C, Sparta became a leading Greek city-state Sparta became a military superpower in 500 B.C.

II.GREEK CITY-STATES Athens Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office Athenians valued geometry, mathematics and science They built giant structures never before seen

II.GREEK CITY-STATES Athens Greeks contributed Drama to the world of Literature Plays were performed in large outdoor arenas called amphitheaters Antigone was one of the most famous: Sophocles tackles moral duty and laws of the State Artists created realistic sculptures Theater had both comedies & tragedies

II.GREEK CITY-STATES Athens Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic to find answers to questions