Biological Classification

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Presentation transcript:

Biological Classification

Why classify? To identify objects (organisms) and gather them into groups whose members are similar to one another. You classify all the time Based on a logical method of naming things Based on categories that have something in common

Biological Classification (1) Universal rules for naming each species (for a start) Species are grouped into larger categories that share biological significance This branch of biology is called taxonomy The branch of biology that relates organisms to each other is called cladistics

Biological Classification (2) Established by the Swedish botanist Carolus (Karl) Linnaeus (von Linne) Two part names in Latin (binomial nomenclature) Genus is the first part of the name Refers to a small group of organisms similar to each other Species is the second part of the name Refers to one group of interbreeding organisms (you know the rest)

Biological Classification (3) Important rule (You are wrong if you do not follow these) Genus names start with a capital letter Species names start with a lower case letter In print the names are in italics, in hand writing they are underlined No exceptions

More classification After Genus there are categories for larger and larger groupings of organisms Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom

Full classification of the house cat (or if you prefer the camel, it’s classified on page 514) Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Felis Species domesticus

Six Kingdoms (not Six Flags) We will classify using six kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Wow what does all that mean Lets go over the chart on page 524

Cladistics (1) Describes evolutionary descent (rather than how an organism looks) Evolutionary classification is called phylogeny Makes use of the names from taxonomy Evidence is mostly from genomics A clade is a group of species that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

Cladistics (2) A cladogram is a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among organisms Look at page 517 and 519

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