Standards 21st Century Life and Careers (2014) 9.3.12.ST-SM.3 Analyze the impact that science and mathematics has on society. 21st Century Life and Careers (2014) 9.3.12.ST-SM.4 Apply critical thinking skills to review information, explain statistical analysis, and to translate, interpret and summarize research and statistical data. Science (NJSLS-S 2014) Use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HS- LS1-4),(HS-LS1-5),(HS-LS1-7) Science (NJSLS-S 2014) The process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus re leased oxygen. (HS-LS1-5) Science (NJSLS-S 2014) Changes of energy and matter in a system can be described in terms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system. (HS-LS1-5), (HS-LS1-6)

Objectives and Essential Questions provide adaptations that plants have evolved that maximize their ability to carry out photosynthesis use a scientific model to isolate pigment from ink and relate this to light and pigment in plants Essential Questions What are the different types of plant adaptations? What is they primary difference between C4 and C3 plants?

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis What factors affect photosynthesis? Among the most important factors that affect photosynthesis are temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water.

Temperature, Light, and Water The reactions of photosynthesis are made possible by enzymes that function best between 0°C and 35°C. Temperatures above or below this range may affect those enzymes, slowing down the rate of photosynthesis or stopping it entirely.

Temperature, Light, and Water High light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. After the light intensity reaches a certain level, however, the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis, as is seen in the graph.

Temperature, Light, and Water Because water is one of the raw materials in photosynthesis, a shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis. Water loss can also damage plant tissues.

Temperature, Light, and Water Plants that live in dry conditions often have waxy coatings on their leaves to reduce water loss. They may also have biochemical adaptations that make photosynthesis more efficient under dry conditions.

Photosynthesis Under Extreme Conditions In order to conserve water, most plants under bright, hot conditions close the small openings in their leaves that normally admit carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis Under Extreme Conditions This causes carbon dioxide within the leaves to fall to very low levels, slowing down or even stopping photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis Under Extreme Conditions C4 and CAM plants have biochemical adaptations that minimize water loss while still allowing photosynthesis to take place in intense sunlight.

C4 Photosynthesis C4 plants have a specialized chemical pathway that allows them to capture even very low levels of carbon dioxide and pass it to the Calvin cycle. The name “C4 plant” comes from the fact that the first compound formed in this pathway contains 4 carbon atoms.

C4 Photosynthesis The C4 pathway requires extra energy in the form of ATP to function. C4 organisms include crop plants like corn, sugar cane, and sorghum.

CAM Plants Members of the Crassulacae family, such as cacti and succulents, incorporate carbon dioxide into organic acids during photosynthesis in a process called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).

CAM Plants CAM plants admit air into their leaves only at night, where carbon dioxide is combined with existing molecules to produce organic acids, “trapping” the carbon within the leaves. During the daytime, when leaves are tightly sealed to prevent water loss, these compounds release carbon dioxide, enabling carbohydrate production. CAM plants include pineapple trees, many desert cacti, and “ice plants”.

Heterotrophic Plants Some plants have developed heterotrophic methods in addition to or instead of photosynthesis. Some heterotrophic plants are parasitic, such as: wintergreen,pinedrop, ghost plant, and mistletoe. The dodder plant is parasitic and cannot carry out photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic Bacteria Food Making in Bacteria Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis (i.e. cyanobacteria), while some carry out chemosynthesis (i.e. methanogens).