Unit 3 1789- 1900 Revolution and Reform

Conceptual History Historical Significance- change? revealing of contemporary issues? Cause and Consequences- why did the revolutions occur? Intended and Unintended Consequences? Long-standing issues that still exist? Continuity and Change- current? long dead issues? New issues that have arisen or re-emerged?

Revolution What Revolutions do we know of? Why? What are the characteristics of a Revolution? What are the usual intended consequences? What have been some results of known revolutions?

Revolutions and Rebellions 1800- Uprisings throughout the Ottoman Empire 1802- Haitian Revolution 1803- Irish Rebellions throughout newly annexed Ireland 1812- Luddites 1819- English Revolutionaries- Suffrage 1820’s- Simon Bolivar- South America, Greek Independence, Italian Rebellions

Revolutions and Rebellions 1830’s- Revolutions in German states, Italian States, Polish uprisings against Russians, French Revolution, French revolt in Canada, Chinese Rebellions against the British 1848- Year of Revolution 1852-55- Crimean War, subsequent revolts in eastern Europe 1859- Italian War of Independence, Revolts in Parma, Modena, Tuscany 1860’s- American Civil War, Canada becomes a nation, Maori Rebellions Do you get my point...

Crisis of the French Monarchy What was common for both Western and Eastern European Monarchies between 1763 and 1789? How can we summarize the crisis of the monarchy using this source? Page 626- Kagan

Crisis of the French Monarchy French debt, the parlements, and lack of fortitude (Louis XV and Louis XVI) The parlements used the enlightenment language (liberty, rights) and reason (as they saw it) to argue for a rollback of their previous power (Before Louis XIV) Taxes, taxes and taxes- the aristocracy refused any reform that put taxes on them or removed traditional orders of land (Corvee) The argument- the aristocracy had the right to refuse any new taxation- only “the people” could make the tax legitimate (nobles, not average people) Louis XVI called the Estates-General (hadn’t met since 1614)

History and the Revolution Historians have studied and assessed the French Revolution and have come to basically 3 differing “schools” Pages 628 629 Identify and summarize each of the “schools” of thought.

The Estates-General The Estate system- each order was allowed to send representatives from their province- First Estate- The Clergy Second Estate- The Nobility Third Estate- Everyone else- as for the Estates General- the representatives were almost exclusively from the wealthy commercial and professional middle classes Do they share any concerns? What are their major disagreements? “is it clear that they (third estate) would not permit the monarchy and the aristocracy to decide the future of the nation?”

The Estates General There is debate over organization and voting, concern over voting by head or by order. The Third Estate concerns- voting, increasing their numbers- Liberal nobles and clergy members- how would they vote? The National Assembly is created- symbolic gesture- third estate plus some clergy members sat as a separate bloc. The Cahiers- Question #2