Interest Grabber What’s the Matter? Section 2-1 What’s the Matter? All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe. 1. Give an example of solid matter. 2. Give an example of liquid matter. 3. Give an example of gaseous matter. 4. Is all matter visible? 5. Does all matter take up space?

Section Outline 2–1 The Nature of Matter A. Atoms B. Elements and Isotopes 1. Isotopes 2. Radioactive Isotopes C. Chemical Compounds D. Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds 2. Covalent Bonds 3. Van der Waals Forces

An Element in the Periodic Table Section 2-1 6 C Carbon 12.011

Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon Section 2-1 Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14 6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Section 2-1 Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Section 2-1 Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1

Water, Water Everywhere Interest Grabber Section 2-2 Water, Water Everywhere If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from space, you know that much of the planet is covered by water. Water makes life on Earth possible. If life as we know it exists on some other planet, water must be present to support that life.

Interest Grabber continued Section 2-2 1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten things that have water in them. 2. Exchange your list for the list of another pair of students. Did your lists contain some of the same things? Did anything on the other list surprise you? 3. Did either list contain any living things?

Section Outline 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule 1. Polarity 2. Hydrogen Bonds B. Solutions and Suspensions 1. Solutions 2. Suspensions C. Acids, Bases, and pH 1. The pH Scale 2. Acids 3. Bases 4. Buffers

pH Scale Increasingly Basic Neutral Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2 Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Increasingly Basic Soap Sea water Human blood Neutral Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Increasingly Acidic Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water

Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water

Interest Grabber Life’s Backbone Section 2-3 Life’s Backbone Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

Interest Grabber continued Section 2-3 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon. 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them. 3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

Section Outline 2–3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon B. Macromolecules C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids F. Proteins

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

Figure 2-17 A Protein Section 2-3 Amino acids

Interest Grabber Matter and Energy Section 2-4 Matter and Energy Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of wood is a chemical reaction—a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are called products. As wood burns, molecules of cellulose are broken down and combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor, and energy is released.

Interest Grabber continued Section 2-4 1. What are the reactants when wood burns? 2. What are the products when wood burns? 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?

Section Outline 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A. Chemical Reactions B. Energy in Reactions 1. Energy Changes 2. Activation Energy C. Enzymes D. Enzyme Action 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy Section 2-4 Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Reactants Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Products

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions Section 2-4 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions Section 2-4 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products

Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Atomic Structure Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Atomic Structure Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Enzymatic Reactions Video Contents

Click the image to play the video segment. Atomic Structure Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Click the image to play the video segment. Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2

Click the image to play the video segment. Covalent Bonding Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3

Click the image to play the video segment. Enzymatic Reactions Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4

Go Online Career links on forensic scientists Interactive test Articles on organic chemistry For links on properties of water, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1022. For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-1024. Internet