Fundamentals of Genetics Mendelian Genetics figured out dominance in genes, law of segregation and law of independent assortment

Gregor Mendel The “father of genetics” Austrian monk conducted pea plant experiments - seven observable or phenotypic traits developed three laws based on his observations

Is it a “trait,” an “allele,” or a “gene?” A trait is what you see ie. hair color is a trait An allele is the forms (or variations of) the trait can take ie. blond, brown, black A gene is the location on the DNA where the info for the proteins that tell the hair color is found.

Law of Dominance and Recessiveness Dominant alleles Recessive alleles TRAITS 3:1 purple 3:1 axial 3:1 yellow 3: 1 round 4:1 inflated 4:1 green 4:1 tall

Law of Segregation The two homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I of meiosis. The sister chromatids are separated during anaphase II of meiosis.

Law of Independent Assortment Alleles randomly separate during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes line up during metaphase I without influence of other chromosomes

Mendel’s Generations P generation is the parental generation F = filial F1 generation is the offspring/progeny of a parental generation cross F2 generation is the offspring/progeny of an F1 generation cross