Honors Paideia Agenda B 9/21/2015 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner, sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc. Distribute AOW and Vocabulary Warm Up and SSR Review the Objectives and Essential Question Grammar/ Writing Notes and Practice Stylistic Devices Notes Continue Working on the Amendment Project Complete a Closure Question

Honors Paideia Agenda A 9/22/2015 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner, sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc. Distribute AOW and Vocabulary Warm Up Review the Objectives and Essential Question Grammar/ Writing Notes and Practice Stylistic Devices Notes Continue Working on the Amendment Project Complete a Closure Question

5 Often Used Sentence Structures/Punctuation Independent clause (period) new independent clause (period). Jane lit the campfire. Frank set up the tent. Independent clause (comma plus conjunction) independent clause (period). Jane lit the campfire, and Frank set up the tent. Independent clause (semicolon) independent clause (period). Jane lit the campfire; Frank set up the tent. Independent clause (comma) dependent clause(period) Jane lit the campfire, while Frank set up the tent. Dependent clause (comma) independent clause (period) As Jane lit the campfire, Frank set up the tent.

Reminders for creating good sentences Try to use a combination of the 5 often used sentence structures to keep your writing interesting and fresh. Remember the diction! Use active verbs. Okay- She had eaten a great meal around noon. Better- She ate a great meal around noon. Use strong verbs, making sure your diction is specific. Instead of eat/ate – consumed, devoured, gobble, gnaw, chew, wolf, munch, etc. Instead of great-appetizing, delectable, luscious, savory, scrumptious, yummy, etc. Best-She devoured the scrumptious meal around noon.

Common Errors in Sentence Structure Sentence Fragments Run-ons and comma splices Misplaced modifiers (descriptive words) Non-parallel construction

Error #1: Sentence Fragments A complete sentence must have a subject, verb, and a complete thought. In other words it must be or contain an independent clause. Tom broke the vase- This is an independent clause. We can change it into a dependent clause by adding just one word When Tom broke the vase- Even though it still has a subject and a verb, this clause can no longer stand alone because it lacks a complete though. You can turn any independent clause into a dependent clause by adding one of the following words to the beginning of the clause: when, where, why, how, if , as , because, although, while, despite, that, who , what - these words may be considered subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, or prepositions depending upon how they are being used.

Sentence Fragments Continued There are two types of sentence fragments The first is just a dependent clause waiting for a second half that isn’t there. Example: As the children ran behind, shouting and laughing This can be corrected by adding the complete thought. The second type of sentence is formed when incorrect punctuation is used. Example: Although it will always be associated with Shakespeare’s famous literary character. The castle at Elsinore was never home to Hamlet. This can be corrected by removing the subordinate conjunction or combining both clauses to make one long sentence.

Practice: Rewrite the paragraph using good organization, SC+O+P topic sentence, varying the sentence structures, avoiding fragments, and using active and strong verbs. Golf can be a great sport to play. It can be fun to hit a golf ball around for nine to 18 holes. You may need a lot of practice and mental toughness. Practice can be easy but you need toughness too. Golf can be really fun if you are play it really well. Playing golf badly can cause a lot of frustration too.

Rhetorical Devices The focus should be on repetition and details Repetition- repeating a word or phrase to provide emphasis Details – Help to focus the reader’s attention on important ideas and shapes the reader’s understanding and view of a topic. In Nonfiction-IT INCLUDES FACTS, OBSERVATIONS, REASONS, EXAMPLES, QUOTATIONS, AND INCIDENTS In Fiction- It is imagery-details that created a clear mental picture for the reader by focusing on particulars rather that abstractions

Stylistic Devices Stylistic Devices are also know as Figurative Language. Figurative language is any language that is NOT used in a literal (meaning exactly what it says) way. It is a way of saying one thing and meaning another. We use figurative language, or figures of speech all of the time. For example, at a baseball game we may say: That catcher was the heat! That ball sat in the outfield. Jimmy ran like a cheetah to first base. If we look at these statement literally, they make no sense at all. (A person is heat, a ball can’t sit, and Jimmy is not a cheetah) Even though the statement make no literal sense we understand them. We know that when we say the catcher is the heat- we man he is skilled, practices, and maybe cute too. We use figurative language because it is rich, strong, and a vivid way to express meaning. Consequently, we are able to say much more in fewer words. When it is over used, however it becomes an cliché (a stale and overused expression) Example: pretty as a picture and quiet as a mouse.

We will begin with metaphors, similes, and personification Metaphors and similes are used to compare things that are not usually seen as similar. Metaphors imply the comparison, and similes state the comparison directly. Example: The test was a bear! You are not saying that it was a literal bear but that it was unpredictable and hard to deal with. The comparison between the test and bear is not directly stated. Instead, the comparison is implied or suggested. You identify the bear with the test. That’s what a metaphor does. A metaphor implies a comparison in order to bring fresh, rich meaning to writing and speaking.

Similes Simile is a comparison, too. With a simile, however, the comparison is directly stated. The writer makes the comparison explicit. The test was like struggling with a bear. It is still non-literal language (taking the test is not really like struggling with a bear) but with a simile you come right out and state the comparison. Similes have a signal word that give you a hint a simile is coming. These words include as, like, than, similar to, and resembles. Be careful these words don’t always indicate similes. I look like my sister is not using a simile it is a literal. To be a simile or metaphor, the comparison must be of essentially unlike things.

Metaphors and Similes Metaphors and similes have literal terms and figurative terms. The literal term is what we are comparing to something else. It’s what’s real: it means what it is. For example the literal term in the metaphor, that test was a bear is test. We are really talking about a test. The figurative term is what is being compared to the literal term. The figurative term means something other than itself, something non literal. The figurative term in the metaphor is bear. The test is not a bear, but it has some bear-like qualities that can help us understand just how hard the test was.

Metaphor vs. Simile Figure of Speech Metaphor or Simile? Literal Term Figurative Term I got a flood of mail yesterday. Alice sang like a crow. Jeff was taller than the Empire State Building. The shoes cost a king’s ransom.

Personification Personification is a special kind of metaphor that gives human qualities to something that is not human, such as an animal, an object, or an idea. The tree sighed sadly in the cold- we are using personification. A tree can’t really sigh or be sad. We are giving the tree characteristics of a person. Personification, since it is a kind of metaphor, has a literal and figurative term. In the example above, the literal term is the tree (it is really a tree) and the figurative term is a person (the tree is not really a person who can sigh and be sad). In personification the figurative term is always a person.

Practice writing examples of metaphors, similes, and personification for the literal terms below. Possible Figurative Terms Metaphor Simile Personification Friendship Lighthouse, warm blanket Lea’s friendship is a lighthouse. Lea’s friendship is like a lighthouse. Lea’s friendship wrapped my sadness in a warm blanket Cleaning your room Shirt Cafeteria lunch Dancing

Honors Paideia Agenda B 9/23/2015 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner, sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc. Complete the Ticket-In, Review Vocabulary, and SSR Review the Objectives and Essential Questions Grammar Practice Stylistic Devices Practice Writing Practice Socratic Seminar Complete a Closure Question

To break the story; that was the reporter’s goal. Identify the subject, objects, conjunctions, independent, and dependent clauses in each sentence. Then indicate if the sentence is a correct or a fragment. If it is a fragment, correct the sentence. The Capitol is on Congress Avenue. Which is the widest street in the city. Dr. Anderson resigned her professorship, a position she had held for twenty years. The reporter from CNN asked the senator probing questions. Suspecting a cover-up. To break the story; that was the reporter’s goal. David cleaned his glasses. Absentmindedly, with the hem of his lamb’s wool sweater.

Stylistic Devices Practice “I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.”- MLK, I Have a Dream Identify two examples of figurative language in the passage. Are the figures of speech metaphors or similes? How do you know the language is figurative? What does the figurative language add to the passage? Rewrite the passage from Dr. King’s speech without any figurative language. Contrast your sentence with the original and be prepared to speak about the differences.

Honors Paideia A 9/24/2015 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner, sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc. Review the Objectives and Essential Questions Test 2 Complete a Closure Question

Honors Paideia B 9/25/2015 Housekeeping- place homework on the right corner, sharpen your pencils, dispose of any trash etc. Review the Objectives and Essential Questions Test 2 Complete a Closure Question