Aim: What motivates us to behave in the ways we do? Motivation: A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

Drive Reduction Theory Our behavior is motivated by biological needs (requirements for survival) we have impulses to act in a way that satisfy these needs called drives (an aroused state) Body seeks homeostasis *When out of homeostasis we have a need that requires the drive*

Primary Drive: biological need like hunger Secondary Drive: learned drives ($ can buy food)

2017 FRQ Question #1 https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap17-sg- psychology.pdf

Incentive Theory We are not only pushed by a need but pulled by a desire (incentive) Through learning, we associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment We are drawn to behaviors that give us rewards

Arousal Theory/Yorkes-Dodson Law We seek an optimal level of excitement or arousal We all have different needs for arousal Ex. People with high optimum levels are drawn to high excitement behaviors

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Most basic needs satisfied first then safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs and finally self-actualization (needs to fulfill your potential as a human being)

Achievement Motivation People with high achievement motivation will aim for challenging goals that are achievable

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Management Theory of Motivation Theory X Theory Y Mnemonic device for the two theories: a person refusing to work ("X") and a person cheering the opportunity to work ("Y")

Motivational Conflicts Approach-approach conflict Two desirable choices Avoidance-avoidance Two undesirable choices Approach-avoidance One choice with both pros and cons Multiple-approach/multiple avoidance conflict Many choices with pros and cons

Motivation of Hunger Physiology of Hunger Empty stomach Body chemistry Brain Role of the Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus: triggers hunger Ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger

Set Point Theory Every individual has a predisposition to keep us at a certain weight level called set point Our hunger and metabolism corresponds to this set point

Psychology of Hunger External Incentives Taste Preference Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa