Antibiotic usage and the incidence of resistance

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Antibiotic usage and the incidence of resistance Pentii Huovinen Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 5, Pages 4S12-4S16 (August 1999) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00852.x Copyright © 1999 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Left: Resistance to erythromycin in group A streptococci in various health authority areas in Finland in 1992. For better depiction of the data, resistance rates are divided into three classes, each encompassing an equal number of health authority areas (black areas, resistance ≤18.8%; dark grey areas, 10.6–18.7%; and white areas, 0–10.5%). Right: Consumption of erythromycin in Finland. Adjusted consumption figures (in defined daily doses, DDDs, per 1.000 inhabitants per day) are divided into three classes, each encompassing an equal number of health authority areas (black areas, ≤2.09 DDDs; dark grey areas, 1.77–2.08 DDDs; and white areas, 0–1.76 DDDs). The association is statistically significant (p = 0.006) between erythromycin consumption and erythromycin resistance in group AS streptococci. From: Seppälä et al [23]. Published with the permission of Clinical Infectious Diseases and the authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1999 5, 4S12-4S16DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00852.x) Copyright © 1999 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Use of macrolide antimicrobial agents in Finland in 1976–97. (Data source: Finnish Statistics on Medicines 1990–1997, National Agency for Medicines and National Insurance Institution, Finland.) Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1999 5, 4S12-4S16DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00852.x) Copyright © 1999 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Erythromycin resistance of group A streptococci in Finland in 1990–97. The annual number of the isolates varies from 5662 to 10 162. (Data source: Seppälä et al [5] and the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance.) Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1999 5, 4S12-4S16DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00852.x) Copyright © 1999 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions