Bell Work Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs Self-actualization Achievement Belongingness Safety Sexual

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Emotions Carroll Izard’s research showed that there were ten basic emotions Joy, interest/excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. Some psychologists believe that pride, distress, acceptance, and love may also be basic emotions. Silvan Tomkins: distress Robert Plutchik: acceptance Emotions can be placed along two basic axes: Arousal Valence

Fear We are biologically predisposed to learn some fears over others. People differ in the extent to which they are fearful or fearless and part of the difference is genetic. Twin studies Family studies

Polygraphs Poly-many Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity (sweat affects this) Control questions 25% of guilty people are judged innocent by lie detectors 35% of innocent people are judged guilty by lie detectors

Anger Catharsis Hypothesis: Releasing negative energy will calm aggressive tendencies. Unsupported by research Venting rage may calm us temporarily, but in the long run, it does not reduce anger and may actually amplify it. Anger is better handled by waiting until the level of physical arousal diminishes, calming oneself, and expressing grievances in ways that promote reconciliation rather than retaliation. When reconciliation fails, forgiveness can reduce one’s anger and its physical symptoms. Forgiveness releases anger and can calm the body.

Physiological Differences Between Different Emotions The right prefrontal cortex seems to express negative emotions The left frontal lobe is responsible for positive moods The left frontal lobe has a supply of dopamine receptors. The nucleus accumbens is a neural pathway that increases dopamine levels.

Effects of Facial Expressions Facial Feedback Hypothesis: expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states, and the muscles that signal the body or respond as though we were experiencing those states. So, if you imitate the facial expressions normally associated with happiness, you are likely to feel happy to some degree. There is research that supports this.

Happiness The feel-good, do-good phenomenon is our increased willingness to help others when we are in a good mood. Pay it forward. Positive psychology

Predictors of Happiness Happiness is genetically influenced, but we do have some control. Researchers have found 10 ways to increase a person’s happiness: Realizing that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success Taking control of one’s time Acting happy (Fake it till you make it) Seeking work and leisure that engages one’s skills (intrinsic motivation) Exercising regularly Getting adequate sleep Giving priority to close relationships Focusing beyond oneself; service to others Gratitude Nurturing our spiritual selves

Daily Emotional Ups and Downs Negative emotion peaks just after waking up and before sleep. Positive emotion rises gradually, peaking about seven hours after we get out of bed, then falls gradually. Moods triggered by good/bad events seldom last beyond a day. Even significant bad events (e.g., serious illness) seldom destroy happiness for long, although we tend to underestimate our capacity to adapt.

Spillover Effect When our arousal from one event influences our response to other events.

Culture and Emotional Expression Words that don’t exist in English Different cultures shows differences in the expression of the same emotions. They also differ in how much emotions they express. Children’s facial expressions are universal. It is adaptive for us to interpret faces in particular contexts. Some emotional expressions help us to take in more sensory information or to avoid taking in toxic substances.