LETS TAKE A LOOK INTO BIOLOGY Come and go with me LETS TAKE A LOOK INTO BIOLOGY

I. What is Biology? A. Biology- the study of life. B. Organism- anything that possesses all the characteristics of life.

II. CHARACTERISTICS of LIVING THINGS A. Have an orderly structure (Organization) B. Produce offspring (Reproduction) C. Grow and develop Growth- results in an increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structure 2. Development- All the changes that take place during the life of an organism

D. Adjust to changes in the environment. 1. Environment- An organism’s surroundings including air, weather, temperature, and any other organisms in the area.

III. RESPONSE to the ENVIRONMENT A. Stimulus- any condition (external or internal) in the environment that requires an organism to react. B. Response- a reaction to stimulus.

C. Homeostasis- regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for it’s survival “steady state”. 1. Living things reproduce themselves, grow and develop, respond to external stimuli and maintain homeostasis by using “ENERGY” D. Energy- the ability to cause change. Organisms get their energy from food.

IV. LIVING THINGS ADAPT and EVOLVE A. Adaptation- any structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment. 1. Inherited from previous generations. 2. Individuals with more suitable adaptations are more likely to survive.

B. Evolution- the gradual change in a species through adaptations over time.

LIVING THINGS CONTINUED A. Species- group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.. B. Theory- explanation of a natural phenomenon. “Explains nature” C. Law- describes nature.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD Define the Problem Collect Information Form a Hypothesis Explanation or tentative answer to a question Experiment Investigation that test a hypothesis Collect Data from experiment Draw Conclusion Publish Information *** PAGE 17 METHODS

A. Some experiments involve 2 groups EXPERIMENTING VI. A. Some experiments involve 2 groups Control Group a. Control- standard… all conditions stay the same (shows what happens if there is not change to the independent Variable). Experimental Group a. Test Group. One single condition is tested. 1. Independent Variable-(manipulated variable) Changed condition. 2. Dependent Variable- 2 (responding variable) Changes the result from the independent variable. PAGE 13

Why Was Science Developed? VII. A. Science was developed because humans have always been curious about the natural world. Leading to the beginning of cause and effect. B. Science is defined as a process that produces a body of knowledge about nature. The application of scientific research to society’s needs is called technology. C. The use and application of science is a step by step process called the scientific method. Why Was Science Developed?

VIII. SCIENCE B. KINDS OF RESEARCH 1. Quantitative research- this research is analyzed by comparing numerical data. It may be used to make tables or graphs, which allows for large amounts of information to be easily understandable. 2. Qualitative research- expresses quality and observational data, which is written descriptions of what scientists observe. A. LIMITS TO SCIENCE 1. Some things are untestable because of the lack of technology 2. Science cannot determine what is socially or morally correct.

IX. ETHICS A. Ethics- refers to the moral principles and values held by humans. 1.Science may not consider all possible ethics. Therefore, society as a whole must take responsibility for the ethical use of scientific discoveries. B. Technology- the application of scientific research to meet society’s needs and problems.

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM of MEASUREMENT SI- allows for scientist around the world to have a common basis for understanding data METER (m) LENGTH RULER KILOGRAM (Kg) MASS BALANCE LITER (l) VOLUME GRADUATED CYLINDER SECOND (s) TIME STOP WATCH CELSIUS (c) TEMPERATURE THERMOMETER

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS William Harvey: (1628) showed how blood circulates through the body in blood vessels. Gregor Mendel: father of heredity, worked with pea plants Edwin Chargaff: (1947) discovered that for every adenine there is a thymine, and for every guanine there is a cytosine-base content of (DNA pairs) Alexander Fleming: (1928) discovery of the first antibiotic; penicillin Robert Hooke: discovered and named the cell while observing cork Rachel Carson: warned of the danger of increased pesticides and the damage it was doing to nature; wrote “Silent Spring” Jane Goodall: studied chimpanzees

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS CONTINUED Charles Drew: did research in the collection and storage of blood plasma. Charles Darwin: developed the theory of evolution based on natural selection. James Watson/Francis Crick: (1953) determined the structure of DNA to be a double helix. George Washington Carver: (botanist) developed several industrial uses for the peanut. Carolus Linnaeus: father of classification developed two-word system for naming organisms (binomial nomenclature). Edward Jenner: (1796) developed a vaccine for smallpox. Anton von Leeuwenhoek: 1st microscope.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY Histology: study of tissues Biology: study of life Ichthyology: study of fish Morphology: study of the gross anatomy of organisms Ornithology: study of birds Parasitology: study of parasites Pathology: study of diseases Physiology: study of internal function of organisms Taxonomy: classification of living things Virology: study of viruses Entomology: study of insects Eugenics: study of heredity in humans Biology: study of life Botany: study of plants Zoology: study of animals Mycology: study of fungi Genetics: study of how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring. Anatomy: study of an organism’s structure Bacteriology: study of bacteria Ecology: study of the interaction of organisms with their environment Cytology: study of cells Embryology: study of early developmental stages of organisms Herpetology: study of reptiles

LANGUAGE of SCIENCE PREFIXES A or an Not or non Meso Middle Endo Inside, inner Aero Needing oxygen or air Anti Against Auto Self Bio Related to life Chloro Green Cyto Cell Arth Joint, jointed Di Double Mono Singular or one Geo Pertaining to earth Epi Above Exo Outer, external Gastro Stomach Hemo Blood Hetero Different Homo Same Micro Small Macro Large Multi Consisting of many cells Photo Pertaining to light Pre Before Lipo Pertaining to fat Poly Many ss

LANGUAGE of SCIENCES SUFFIXES -cyst Pouch -derm Skin, layer -saccharide Sugar -itis Inflammation -logy Study of -meter Measurement -osis Condition -phase Stage -pod Foot -stasis Stationary condition -lysis To break -syntheses To build or make -phage Eater *** Pasteur’s Experiment

Redi and Pasteur Page 380-381 (Abiogenesis) Spontaneous Generation- the idea that nonliving material can produce life. Biogenesis- the idea that living organisms come from other living organisms

REDI & THE FLIES

PASTEUR’S GOOSE NECK OR “S” SHAPED FLASK