Scientific Method

Inference an interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

Observation

Steps of the Scientific Method

Hypothesis- Proposed answer to a question - Must be “educated guess” based on observations -Must be testable!

Controlled Experiment Variable- factor that changes in an experiment -Independent variable- Manipulated by scientist in experiment (what is different between experimental groups) -Dependent variable- may change in response to independent variable

Sample Experiment The Effect of High CO2 on Plant Growth Design: Some plants are grown in high CO2, some in normal CO2 Variables: -amount of CO2 (independent variable) -plant growth (dependent variable)

Results

Metric System! GIGA 1,000,000,000 MEGA 1,000,000x KILO 1000x HECTA 100x DECA 10x Metric System! BASE UNIT DECI .1 CENTI .01 MILLI .001 MICRO .000 001 NANO .000 000 001

EASE OF PERFORMING MATH FUNCTIONS… * Examples: 1.62 kg (5.4 cm) (8.65 cm) (362 cm) Is far easier to do than… (1 lb., 9 ½ oz.) (11 ¾ in)(1 ft.4 11/16 in)(1 yd.1ft 1½ in)

If I measured a football field in centimeters, will my result be large or small? How could I convert this measurement to meters?

Types of Graphs Line graphs- best for change over time Bar graphs- for comparing change between individual items or events Pie charts- show parts of whole

Graph the following data: Temperature (oC) Mass (g) 100 20 40 60 80 5 120 3 140 2 160 1

Convert 340,056 to scientific notation: 3.40056 X 105 Convert 0.0024 to scientific notation: 2.4 X 10-3

Conclusion State whether your hypothesis is either supported or refuted.

Scientific Theory Theory- set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists. NOT A GUESS!!!

Lab Safety Quiz (True/False) 1) Food and drink are prohibited in the laboratory. 2) Horseplay can result in exclusion from lab activities. 3) It is OK to do unauthorized experiments if your teacher is not looking 4) The eyewash and safety shower are located in the front of the room to the right of the whiteboard. 5) If you break glass, clean it up quickly before the teacher notices.

Biology

Biology: the study of living things 21

All things alive Characteristics Are made of cells Reproduce Contain DNA Grow and develop Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to their environment Maintain a stable internal environment Over time - change 22

Made up of Cells Cells- Smallest unit of living things Unicellular organisms – consist of a single cell Multicellular organisms- contain more than one cell Picture of stem cells 23

Reproduce- make new organisms Sexual From two parents Asexual Single parent 24

Use Materials and Energy Metabolism- sum of all of chemical reactions in an organism 25

Maintains Internal Balance Homeostasis Keeping internal conditions the same 26

Response to the Environment Stimulus A signal to which an organism responds Response 27

Based on a Genetic Code Inherited traits Carried by DNA 28

Evolution Change over time

Growth and Development Periods of rapid and dramatic change 30

Interdependence Ecology- studies the interactions between organisms with each other and their environment.

Why you should care

Preserving our environment Rainforests are being destroyed at rate of 1 acre per second Biology shows why we should take care of the environment and how to accomplish this.

Improving food supply Genetic engineering can produce pest-resistant, more nutritious crops and larger animals.

Human Genome Project - genome- complete genetic material contained in an individual

Curing Diseases Human genome project showed where important genes are located in human DNA Advances in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and new diseases would not be possible without biology.

AIDS HIV- virus that causes AIDS -changes rapidly so hard to treat -new therapies find ways to seek out and destroy the virus

Cancer -Breakdown in the mechanism that controls cell division -Insidious - Researchers are developing ways to target cancer cells while not harming healthy ones

Gene Therapy -Replacement of a defective gene with a normal version. -Usually use viruses -Helps treat hereditary disorders like cystic fibrosis

Branches of Biology 41

Zoology 42

Botany 43

Paleontology 44

Ethology (Animal Behavior) 45

Ecology 46

Genetics 47

Biochemistry 48

Cytology 49

Microbiology 50

How do you study cells? Laboratory Techniques Cell cultures Cell Fractionation 51

Working Safely Always know what you are working with and cautions you should use Dominion Post August 10, 2006 52