Chapter 18 Section 4 Notes 2 Nations on Edge

Nuclear Arms Race between Soviets and U.S. U.S. developed atomic bomb 1st July 1945 Soviets in 1949 U.S. developed hydrogen (H) bomb 1st November 1952 Soviets less than a year later 67 times more destructive than atomic bomb Soviets develop 1st satellite to orbit Earth October 1957 Called Sputnik U.S. did in January 1958 (Explorer)

Brinkmanship Willingness to threaten the use of nuclear weapons to achieve political gain. Starts when Eisenhower was president (1952) John Foster Dulles (U.S. Secretary of State) Soviets do same thing Impact on the Military (for both sides) Increased air force and number of nukes Decreased size of traditional army and navy Impact on life in U.S. air raid drills underground fallout shelters built At home, schools, businesses, etc…

Stalin Dies (1953) Nikita Khruschev new Leader Not as confrontational as Stalin Less Brinkmanship for awhile

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA - formed in 1947) used to gather information outside of U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Much older (1908) gathers info inside U.S. main reason for formation of CIA weaken or overthrow govts that were Communist or might turn Communist.

1st Major CIA Action = IRAN (1953) Brief History (details in videos on website) Iran’s leader was a Shah (King) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 – 1979) Leader for most of that time Good relations with Western countries Including U.S. In favor of modernizing Iran Not very religious (secular) Questions of corruption in govt. Major source of oil for the West Many regular people in Iran began to dislike him. Wanted to keep traditions. The Shah with Truman (1949) The Shah's portrait on the 1000 Iranian rial banknote

Iran had an elected Parliament and Prime Minister too Never had much power until… Mohammed Mossadegh Became Prime Minister of Iran (1951) Popular among people there Nationalized Iran’s oil fields Government took them over! Kicked out foreign oil companies Including British Petroleum (BP) Want all oil profits to go to Iran Raises Prices too! Did this against Shah’s wishes Shah is scared for his life Flees the country for awhile Western response to this = Boycott stop buying oil from Iran. Prevent Iran from exporting oil anywhere Naval blockade Iran’s economy starts to feel the effects U.S. fears relationship with Soviets They share a land border

CIA intervenes (Operation Ajax) U.S. supplies Shah’s supporters with millions of $’s worth of weapons and bribes Goal = to help defeat Mossadegh They succeed Spends rest of life under house arrest Oil field ownership returns to Western Companies Shah gets $ from them Shah doesn’t treat most citizens well afterwards Feels like they were not loyal Several failed assassination attempts In power until 1979 when revolution happens Led by Ayatollah Khomeni Very Religious Anti-West Reverses Modernization More in Chapter 24 Entire situation is the origin of a lot of resentment towards U.S. in Iran

Israel Created (1948) Other big factor in “bad blood” between Middle East and “the West” Including U.S. Done by the United Nations (supported by both U.S. and Soviets) Jews that fled Europe during WWII don’t want to return Divided the country of Palestine without their permission No Middle Eastern country had a say in the matter Not in the UN Lots of problems since Borders constantly change and fought over

Suez War (1956) England Blockades the canal Gamal Abdel – Nasser Head of Egypt Convinced U.S. and England to help pay for a dam to be built on the Nile river. They changed their minds once they found out he had other deals with the Soviet Union Nationalizes the Suez Canal Originally owned by England and France England and Israel fight with Egypt over this Lasts 1 week Try to take back control of canal England Blockades the canal Want U.S. military to help We don’t UN says back off. Bottom line: Suez Canal control turns over to Egypt England looks weak

Blockade of Suez Canal By British ships (top of picture) Preventing Supplies (bottom of picture) From reaching Egypt and other Parts of the world

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) Warning that the U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by a Communist country (targeted Soviet Union)

Revolution in Hungary (1956) Imre Nagy Leader of Communist Gov Wants a change free elections break ties with Soviets Soviet Response No way Sends in military kills 30,000 people Nagy was executed Response from Western World Shame on you Soviet Union no action taken Hungarian citizens upset Why? Didn’t follow containment policy Afraid Soviets respond big if we get involved

Soviets and U.S. in the skies Eisenhower tries to convince Soviets to allow flights over each other’s countries to prevent stuff from being hidden (Open Skies Policy - 1955) Soviets say no thanks We conduct secret flights anyway U-2 Planes Very high altitude spy planes Hard to detect Photograph missile sites

U.S. Plane Gets Shot Down over Soviet Union (1960) U.S. denies existence of the flight at 1st Francis Gary Powers was pilot (parachuted out) Sentenced to 10 yrs in Soviet prison Released early (next slide) tension between countries high going into 1960s

Historical marker found in Virginia

BRIDGE OF SPIES