Aim: Did China Have to Become Communist? Do Now: What do you think of the following quotes? The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. Our hope is placed on you. The world belongs to you. A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.

I Review of China in the 20th Century A) 1911 Manchu Dynasty was overthrown. B) Sun Yat-sen became president of the new Chinese Republic. He also established the KMT in 1912 (Chinese Nationalist Party). Sun's "Three Principles of the People": Nationalism Democracy People's livelihood Sun Yat-Sen

II Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai served as Prime Minister and head of the Qing army. February 1912 the mother of the last Chinese Emperor Puyi abdicated for the 6 year old, ending 2000 years of imperial rule. Sun Yat-Sen resigned the next day. Yuan Shikai became president of the Republic of China. B) In 1915, Yuan announced a new imperial dynasty, with himself as emperor. Opposition grew, and on March 22, 1916, he was forced to abdicate, restoring republican rule in China.  Yuan Shikai

III China and WWI A) 1917 China declared war on Germany B) China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of the war, Chinese territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China. HOWEVER… C) The Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory in China.  May 4th Movement

May 4th, 1919: May 4th Movement D) The Treaty of Versailles gave Japan former German territory in China. 5,000 students from Peking University demonstrated  May 4th Movement. It became a national movement in China.

IV The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921. Mao Zedong was an early member. It was born out Marxism. (Chinese peasants believed Marxism would help them rise out of poverty) Mao Zedong

V Chiang Kai-Shek A) 1925 Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the KMT following Sun Yat- Sen. He expelled the Communists. “War is not only a matter of equipment, artillery, group troops or air force; it is largely a matter of spirit, or morale.”

Chiang Kai-Shek Continued… B) Chiang Kai-shek established the Nationalist Republic of China and became its president in 1928. The US supported him (as he was anti-Communist) C) The KMT's "New Life" movement combined Confucian and Fascist ideas. D) The KMT ignored the peasants.  Rise of Mao Zedong

VI 1934 Long March Civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists broke out in 1927. In 1931, Communist leader Mao Zedong was elected chairman of the new Soviet Republic of China in the southeast. 1930 - 1934, the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek launched 5 encirclement campaigns against the Chinese Soviet Republic. October 1934, under Mao, the Communists broke through Nationalist enemy lines and began The Long March. The trek lasted a year and 4,000 miles.  Mao emerged as the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communists.

VIII 1946 - 1949 Chinese Civil War 1945 Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong came to a truce after WWII, but civil war renewed in 1946. The Communists did not hold any major cities after WWII, but had a superior military organization, and large stocks of weapons seized from Japanese supplies in Manchuria. In Oct 1949 Mao Zedong established of the People’s Republic of China. Chiang and his forces fled to Taiwan. The Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive U.S. support.

Military Organization Mao Zedong (CCP) VS. Chiang Kai-Shek (KMT) Communists Common Name Nationalists Northern China Area Controlled Southern China USSR Foreign Support US Communism Domestic Policy Capitalism Peasantry Public Support Landowners Guerilla warfare Military Organization Not as effective

Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial, Taipei Taiwan

IX The Great Leap Forward 1958 - 1961 The Great Leap Forward was a push by Mao Zedong to change China from an agrarian to a modern, industrialized society in just 5 years. 1958 - 1960, millions of Chinese citizens were moved onto communes. The Great Leap Forward was supposed to be a 5-year plan (similar to Stalin’s 5 Year Plans), but it was called off after just 3 years, which lead to 20 to 43 million deaths.

Mao’s Little Red Book A man is holding a “Little Red Book”; a book of selected statements from speeches and writings by Mao. Paramilitary "Red Guards” ensured every Chinese person carried one and could quote from it. "Every Communist must grasp the truth: Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun."

Backyard Furnace and Starving Children During the “Great Leap Forward”

Mao’s Great Leap Forward Continued… “The worst catastrophe in China’s history, and one of the worst anywhere, was the Great Famine of 1958 to 1962, and to this day the ruling Communist Party has not fully acknowledged the degree to which it was a direct result of the forcible herding of villagers into communes under the “Great Leap Forward” that Mao Zedong launched in 1958. In all, the records I studied suggest that the Great Leap Forward was responsible for at least 45 million deaths. Between 2 and 3 million of these victims were tortured to death or summarily executed, often for the slightest infraction… Punishments for the least violations included mutilation and forcing people to eat excrement. One report dated Nov. 30, 1960 tells how a man named Wang Ziyou had one of his ears chopped off, his legs tied up with iron wire and a 10-kilogram stone dropped on his back before he was branded with a sizzling tool. His crime: digging up a potato...” By FRANK DIKÖTTER Published: December 15, 2010 NY Times

Key Vocabulary Chiang Kai-Shek Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), also called KMT Mao Zedong Marxism May 4th Movement New Life Movement Sun Yat-sen Taiwan Yuan Shikai