The Market Revolution, Women, & Work

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Presentation transcript:

The Market Revolution, Women, & Work

Transformation of the American Economy, 1815 – 1848 Transformation in technology, transportation, communications, & agriculture Psychological & ideological revolution in the meaning of work Loss of social status for skilled workers

Differences in North vs. South North = free labor economy with industry, urbanization, and immigration South = cash crops, slave labor, less manufacturing “Competence” vs. surplus Cotton Gin = 1 pound cotton/1 day vs. 50 pounds/1 day

Transportation 4,000 miles of roads in Northeast by 1820 Steamboat Canals Railroads

Erie Canal, NY Completed in 1825 $7 million 350 miles between Albany & Buffalo Led to construction of 3,300 miles of canals between 1825 – 1845

Railroads 1829 = Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles 1830s = 20 – 100 miles, 15 – 20 mph

Access to Print 1801 = 200 newspapers vs. 1,200 in 1835 Magazines vs. almanacs Catalogs 1834 = Currier lithographs

Changes in the Meaning of Work Rise of small factories De-skilling of production Women and the “putting out system,” 60 – 70 hours/week Owners, managers, wage workers replaced artisans Workplace discipline & industrial time North = Wage labor replaced bound labor

Emergence of Class-consciousness Antebellum America a classless society? Middling sort Salary vs. wage, skilled vs. unskilled Working class trade unions

Lowell Mill System 1st fully-integrated textile factory Water-powered machinery Peaked in New England, 1830s & 1840s 1825 = 22 mills in Lowell vs. 1850 = 50 mills

Life of the Mill Girls Company-owned boardinghouses $2 - $3 for a 75 hour/week Hazardous work conditions

“The Lowell Offering” Benefits? 1835 = General strike for a 10 hour day

Women & the Law Femme Covert vs. Femme Sole Preacher Jemima Wilkinson, “The Publick Universal Friend” New Jerusalem, Western NY 2nd Great Awakening

Female Academies Growth of public schools for white children, ages 6 – 11 1830 = Male and female literacy rates near equal in North 1830 = 75 colleges open for men in U.S., 0 for women 1790 = 10 female academies vs. 1830 = 200 3 years of general education + “feminine subjects”

Bluestockings “When girls become scholars who is to make the puddings and pies?” --1840s reaction to female academies

Emma Willard Born in 1787, Connecticut 1821 = Opened Troy Female Seminary, NY 1821 – 1871 = 12,000 graduates Graduates became teachers, writers, school superintendents

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