Prejudice and Discrimination CHAPTER 13 Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice and discrimination Stereotyping as the basis of prejudiced attitudes Cognitive component: presumption of out-group homogeneity, distortion of social perception (biased assimilation), and self-fulfilling prophecies Affective component: anxiety and emotional arousal Behavioral component: latent and manifest discrimination

Prejudice and discrimination Stereotyping as the basis of prejudiced attitudes Cognitive component: presumption of out-group homogeneity, distortion of social perception (biased assimilation), and self-fulfilling prophecies Affective component: anxiety and emotional arousal Behavioral component: latent and manifest discrimination

Prejudice and discrimination Descriptive versus prescriptive stereotypes Resistance of stereotypes: encouraging an “accuracy set,” discouraging a reliance on stereotypic cues, paying people to be accurate all fail to counter stereotyping Compensatory stereotypes: the misbehaving minister

Prejudice and discrimination Discrimination: prejudice in action Forms of discrimination: avoidance, exclusion, denial of opportunities and benefits, exploitation, assault, abuse, hate crimes, murder Job discrimination: in hiring, training, job assignment, pay and promotion, denial of assistance and benefits, tokenism

Explanations of prejudice Intergroup conflict: competition and realistic conflict theory “Us” versus “them”: social categorization The ingroup/outgroup distinction Ingroup heterogeneity, outgroup homogeneity, presumed superiority of ingroup, social competition

Explanations of prejudice The role of social learning: Are bigots made, rather than born? Direct socialization: family, peers, teachers Indirect socialization: mass media Innate prejudice? Are bigots born, rather than made?: the possible role of evolved xenophobia Summing up: all explanations may play a role

Explanations of prejudice The role of social learning: Are bigots made, rather than born? Direct socialization: family, peers, teachers Indirect socialization: mass media Innate prejudice? Are bigots born, rather than made?: the possible role of evolved xenophobia Summing up: all explanations may play a role

Prejudice and discrimination in the workplace Negative effects: loss of human potential, damage to individual lives and careers, friction and conflict in the workplace, low morale, hostile work environment Discrimination based on gender Negative stereotyping and discrimination based on gender (sexism) Gender role stereotypes: individual differences are underestimated Countering gender role stereotypes: individuating information about competence puts people in a “special subgroup” Devaluing female achievement: luck, skill, or effort?

Prejudice and discrimination in the workplace Sexism in work settings: some positive news Modern racism: some bad news Old fashioned racism: blatant prejudice and discrimination Modern racism: subtle and even unconscious (Word, Zanna, & Cooper study) Study 1: White interviewers treated the Black applicants differently than the White applicants Study 2: White interviewees who were treated like the Black applicants in Study 1 were also judged to have performed less well during their interview.

Reducing prejudice and discrimination Breaking the chain of bigotry Educational campaigns Counteracting prejudice upbringings in the schools Changing media portrayals Standing up to bigots

Reducing prejudice and discrimination Increasing intergroup contact Increased recognition of similarity and common ground Replacing stereotyped beliefs with individuating knowledge and understanding Mere exposure effect: familiarity leads to increased liking For these effects to occur, the contacts must be (1) equal-status, (2) informal rather than formal, and (3) cooperative rather than competitive