Chapter 8 Establishment of the New Government

Establishing a Cabinet Secretary of State: Jefferson Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Establishing a Cabinet Secretary of State: Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Hamilton Secretary of War: Knox Attorney General: Randolph

Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Different Visions Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) wanted America to be an urban, industrial country with a diverse economy Thomas Jefferson (Anti-Federalist) wanted America to be rural and agricultural

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 One of the biggest problems facing the new administration was the lack of funds.

repay money borrowed during the Revolution Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Hamilton’s Plan levy taxes import tariffs and excise tax repay money borrowed during the Revolution repay debts incurred by the states establish a national bank

the assumption of state debts the establishment of a national bank Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Differing Views the assumption of state debts the establishment of a national bank political parties Federalist Party: led by Hamilton Democratic Republicans (Republicans): led by Jefferson

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 The Whiskey Rebellion Famers in western Pennsylvania, who were angry over the whiskey tax, attacked federal officials. Washington offered the rebels a group pardon if they would agree to abide by law, but they refused.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Washington led a force of militiamen against the rebels, proving the nation’s commitment to the rule of law.

Establishing the Federal Court System Judiciary Act of 1789 Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Establishing the Federal Court System Judiciary Act of 1789 Supreme Court: led by John Jay Federal district courts: one located in each of the thirteen states

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Circuit courts of appeals: established to hear appeals sent up by the federal courts and state supreme courts

The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in late 1791. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 The Bill of Rights was ratified by the states in late 1791.

Fighting Indians on the Frontier Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Fighting Indians on the Frontier The government broke many of its treaties with the Indians along the frontier in order to take their land. The Indians began to fight back in an attempt to save their lands.

Battle of Fallen Timbers Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 142-146 Battle of Fallen Timbers Anthony Wayne: the hero of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville: The Indians gave up their claim to half of Ohio.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 Although the United States had established its independence with its victory in the Revolution, other world nations were unsure of its strength.

America and the French Revolution Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 America and the French Revolution The French Revolution took a different approach than the American Revolution.

America’s Position of Neutrality Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 America’s Position of Neutrality The French Revolution divided Americans.

Washington proposed a policy of neutrality in European affairs. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 Washington proposed a policy of neutrality in European affairs. Neutrality Proclamation: declared America “impartial” to all possible foreign foes

French agent who tested the Neutrality Proclamation Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 Citizen Genêt French agent who tested the Neutrality Proclamation

Trouble with the British Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 Trouble with the British contention: disagreement over the rights of neutral countries at sea Impressment the seizing of American sailors to serve on British ships

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 The Jay Treaty, 1794 United States: agreed to limit trade with France and pay British citizens what they owed them

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 British: agreed to abandon their forts in the Northwest, pay the United States for ships seized, and open some ports in the British West Indies to American trade

Settling Differences with Spain Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 147-149 Settling Differences with Spain Spain continued to threaten American settlements along the frontier. Pinckney Treaty: gave the United States the right of deposit and established the border along the thirty-first parallel

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 149-151 Washington’s most important precedent was his voluntary surrender of power.

Washington’s Farewell avoid political parties Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 149-151 Washington’s Farewell avoid political parties avoid entangling alliances avoid debt

Republican candidate: Thomas Jefferson Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 149-151 The Election of 1796 Republican candidate: Thomas Jefferson Federalist candidate: John Adams

In Washington’s Shadow Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 149-151 In Washington’s Shadow Adams was well qualified for the presidency but was never very popular and was undermined by internal conflicts in his cabinet.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 George Washington had set a good example as the first president. The country was growing stronger. But President Adams still had a difficult job ahead of him.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 The XYZ Affair The French (in response to the Jay Treaty) began targeting American shipping

American Envoys Meet French Agents Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 American Envoys Meet French Agents Adams sent John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to assist Thomas Pinckney in negotiating with the French.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 French agents (X, Y, and Z) sought a bribe from the American envoy sent to meet with the French government.

In response, Congress began preparing the country for war. Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 A Call to Arms In response, Congress began preparing the country for war. “quasi-war”: undeclared war between the United States and France

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 War Avoided Convention of 1800: peace agreement with France, ending the “quasi war”

The Alien and Sedition Acts Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 The Alien and Sedition Acts purpose: to protect the country in war and limit the power of the Republicans Naturalization Act: extended the time required to gain American citizenship

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 Alien Enemies Act: allowed the president to imprison or expel any “dangerous” foreigner Sedition Act: any person who wrote or published anything false or malicious against the government could be fined and imprisoned.

Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Madison and Jefferson nullification: The states had the right to nullify any federal law within its boundaries.

The Disputed Election of 1800 candidates Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 153-156 The Disputed Election of 1800 candidates Federalist: Adams Republican: Jefferson winner: Jefferson/Burr

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 157-158 One of John Adams’s final accomplishments was the appointment of a new chief justice to the Supreme Court. His appointment had far-reaching effects on the power of the court.

The Appointment of John Marshall John Marshall Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 157-158 The Appointment of John Marshall John Marshall appointed chief justice shortly before Adams left office believed that the judiciary branch was “the weakest of the three departments of power”

The Judiciary Bill and the Midnight Judges Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 157-158 The Judiciary Bill and the Midnight Judges “midnight judges”: Adams appointed fifty-eight new judges the night before he left office.

Chapter 8 – Establishment of the New Government pp. 157-158 Marbury v. Madison judicial review: gave the court the power to determine the constitutionality of a law