Ch. 14 Encounters and empires, 1450-1750 (3 rd part) Russian & Chinese Empires

What was the origin of the Russian state What was the origin of the Russian state? What were the 2 most important Russian cities? How did the Russian state develop? What were the reasons for expansion?

a)The making of a Russian Empire End of 15th C, dissolution of the Golden Horde 1500, a small Russian state emerged, centered on Moscow( Muscovy) During 300 yrs. grew into an empire Expansion To S & E – (into the grasslands):for security, against nomads Into Siberia (far East): for opportunity( furs,timber); after 1700: gold, coal, penal colony ( expansion to the E was led by Cossacks)

What was the Russian policy in the new conquered territories? What were the consequences of the Russian conquest for the conquered peoples?

b)Conseq. for the conquered peoples Conquest through: modern weapons& org. 1)Defeated peoples: paid tribute & swore allegiance to the tsar 2) Forced to convert to Christianity 3 )discouraged pastoralism 4) Process of Russification (Russians settled in the new lands where they outnumbered the native popul., forced the native people to adopt the Russian culture); brought with them devastating epidemics: smallpox & measles (natives-no immunity)

C) Conseq. for Russians Russian became a smaller proportion of the popul. of the new empire 18th C: Russia became a great power( Europ. & Asian) due to rich large lands, furs, minerals. Russians-became a minority within their empire To have control, they 1)Became a militarized state 2)Reinforced autocracy

What were the dif. between the Russian & American colonization?

Russia Americas colonies Conquered territories with which it had long interacted The development of the Russian state was paralleled by these conquests The Russian Empire survived (under dif. forms) until 1991 Were new territ. The metropolis developed hundred of yrs. before The colonies became indep. at the end of 18th & beginning of 19th C

What were the dif. between the Russian and the Asian Empires?

Asian Empires Were regional, not global Did not involve epidemics Didn’t’ transform radically their homelands like interaction with the Americas & Siberia did for European powers

Who were the representatives of the Qing dynasty? What were the causes of conquest? How was ruled the new territory & who ruled it?

Qing dynasty Ming dynasty( 1368-1644) was replaced by Qing (1644-1912) Qing-foreign dynasty (Manchu nomads who conquered China) Launched 80yrs. (1680-1760)expansion to the North & West Motivation: security fears, reaction to the Zunghar state, China became an empire

Conquered territory Conquered territory was ruled by the Court of Colonial Affairs & was separated from the rest of China. Chinese authorities Use local elites to govern( local elites imitate the Chinese) No process of assimilation Insignificant Chinese settlement in the conquered regions

What was the relig. distribution of the Mughal Empire? What yrs. did the Mughal Empire rule India? What were the main features of these empire? What was the relig. distribution of the Mughal Empire?

Mughal Empire 1526-1707 Mughal=Mongol A Turkic group conquered the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 & established the Mughal Empire Relig. division: 20% Muslim, 80 % Hindu Founder: Babur Most imp. Mughal: Akbar-made accommodations for the Hindu majority

Akbar’s rule 1556-1605 Policy of toleration Brought Hindu into the political-military elite More imp. loyalty to the emperor, not to the relig. Abolished jizya by non-Muslims Married a Hindu( Rajput) His toleration provoked reaction among MUslims

Aurangzeb’s rule( 1658-1707) Abolished the toleration policy, imposed Islamic supremacy Reimposed jizya Destroyed Hindu temples Banned sati, music & entertainment at court His policy led to Hindu reaction Fights between Hindu and Muslims led to the decline of the Mughal Empire after 1707

Ottoman Empire 14-20 C Most imp. Islamic empire of the modern world 1534-1639 conflict between Sunni( O.E.) & Shia( Safavid empire) Relig. diversity Anatolia: Islam Balkans: Christianiy b/c Ottomans accommodated Christian churches & were few Turks in the region 20% of the population in Balkan P. converted to Islam

Ottoman Empire Balkans: Christians accepted the O. E. b/c The Turks taxed less & were less oppressive Christian churches-got autonomy The elites were accepted among the Ottoman elites without conversion O.E.= a threat for Christendom (the Turks were stopped at Vienna)