Presidential address: Medical education: Thoughts on the training of physicians and surgeons  Gerald B. Zelenock, MD  Journal of Vascular Surgery  Volume 37, Issue 5, Pages 921-929 (May 2003) DOI: 10.1067/mva.2003.126 Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Documented evidence exists that trephination was performed 10,000 years ago. (Reprinted with permission from Ellis H. A history of surgery. London: Greenwich Medical Media Limited; 2001). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 921-929DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.126) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 This highly selective and nonscalar timeline indicates relative brevity of known medical practice. Some highlights of evolution of medical teaching and practice are indicated. Modern era is generally described as beginning in mid 1800s. Modern clinical vascular surgery dates from early 1950s. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003 37, 921-929DOI: (10.1067/mva.2003.126) Copyright © 2003 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions