Do Now: Organize these shoes

Aim: How are living things classified? Homework: Read Textbook pgs 484 – 489 Answer Q’s 1 – 6 due Friday! Classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy

I. How classification began A.) Organizing items can help you: a.) understand them better b.) find them ex.) CD or DVD collection, Sneakers and clothing in your closet

B.) Biologists want a better understanding of organisms to organize them. TOOLS SCIENTIST USE TO ORGANIZE CLASSIFICATION Grouping of objects or information based on similarities TAXONOMY Taxo = arrange Nomy = ordered knowledge

but science has only identified about 2 million. The National Science Foundation’s “Tree of Life” project estimates that there could be anywhere from 5 million to 100 million species on the planet, but science has only identified about 2 million.

Think about an elephant. Develop a mental image of it Think about an elephant.  Develop a mental image of it.  How would you describe it to someone who has never seen one?  Take a moment to consider carefully . . . Not surprisingly, biologists also classify organisms into different categories mostly by judging degrees of apparent similarity and difference that they can see.  The assumption is that the greater the degree of physical similarity, the closer the biological relationship.

shared physical characteristics Modern biological classification is based on the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics

Characteristics Used for Classifiction 1. ANATOMY Similarities in structure 2. BIOCHEMISTRY Similarities in chemical and genetic makeup (similar proteins, similar DNA)

Similarities in the stages of development of embryos 3. EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Similarities in the stages of development of embryos

So why is Classification so important?

7 Levels of Classification Linnaeus’s system of classification http://www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/opencms/caseStudies/default.jsp http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm

Classification Linnaeus system contains levels. It’s a system that is arranged from largest or the most general to the smallest or most specific.

Using Linnaeus's Idea of a hierarchical system Arrange these categories from the largest and most general to smallest and most specific: United states New York State North America Nassau County 230 Poppy Ave. Franklin Square Planet Earth

Answer: Planet Earth North America United states New York State Nassau County Franklin Square 230 Poppy Ave.

The 7 levels of Classification Kingdom = King Phylum = Phillip Class = Came Order = Over Family = From Genus = Germany Species = Skipping Each of these levels is called a taxa.

Seven Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Smallest groups and most closely related to each other Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Largest groups Smallest groups and most closely related to each other

Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools

King Philip Came Over From Germany Skipping

Naming organisms Before Linnaeus developed his naming system, plants and animals were named by a series of Latin words that described the physical appearance of the organism. This was very confusing. For example, let’s look at the first name of the honey bee. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus. This means “fuzzy bee, light gray middle, brown body, smooth hind legs that have a small bag edged with tiny hairs.” Linnaeus named it Apis mellifera which means “honey-bearing bee.”

is the formal system of naming specific species Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming specific species each species name is in Latin and has two parts Genus & Species Examples: Homo sapiens

Binomial nomenclature continued… Two-word naming system genus specific epithet Group of Describes similar characteristic of species species

Genus specific epithet * Homo means “Same” homology Examples Genus specific epithet Homo sapiens = humans * Homo means “Same” homology * Sapiens means “wise”

Aim: How do the 5 kingdoms differ? Do Now: Classification handout Homework reminder: Dichotomous key lab due Friday Textbook p. 484-489 q#1-6 due Friday

Which category is most specific? Explain why? Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammal Order Primate Family Homoide Genus Homo Species sapiens Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Canidae Genus Canis Species Lupus (the wolf)

is the formal system of naming specific species Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming specific species each species name is in Latin and has two parts Genus & Species Examples: Homo sapiens

Canis lupus Procyon lotor Drosophila melanogaster http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html

Kingdom Is the largest and most abundant catergory There are five (5) kingdoms : 1. Plantae (Plants) 2. Animalia (Animals) 3. Fungi 4. Protista (Protists) 5. Monera

Phylum Includes many different organisms that share important characteristics Division of a Kingdom

Class Division of phylum

Order Division of a Class

Family Division of a order

Genus: division of a family

Species: Most specific and is a division of genus These organisms can interbreed (reproduce)

Summary In which group would there be the greatest similarity between members in terms of structure and function? species genus kingdom phylum

Canus lupus The scientific name of the organism listed above indicates Kingdom and phylum Phylum and genus Genus and species Kingdom and species

Do you recall: When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals.

But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.

Today the system of classification includes Five kingdoms. Plants Animals Protists Fungi Monera

How are organism placed into their kingdoms? Cell type, complex or simple (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) Their ability to make food (nutrition) The number of cells in their body (multi cellular of unicellular)

Plant Kingdom Contains: flowering plant mosses, and ferns. Cell Type: Eukaryotes They are Producers so they make their own food (Autotrophic nutrition) They are all multicellular

More about Plant kingdom over 250,000 species Is the second largest kingdom Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees

Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.

Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. Animal Kingdom Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. Cell Type: Eukaryotes They rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs ) They are all multicellular

More about Animal kingdom Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.

Protista Kingdom Contain : Slime molds and algae Cell Type: Eukaryotes Some rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs) and some make their own food (autotrophs) Most are unicellular and multicellular

More about Protists Sometimes called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Approx 250,000 species include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.

Fungi Kingdom Contain : Mushrooms, mold and mildew Cell Type: Eukaryotes fungi cannot make their own food, most get it from decaying soil. (heterotrophs) They are all multicellular

More about Fungi Some fungi taste great and others can kill you! Only about 200,000 species of fungi have been described of the estimated 1-1.5 million species

Monera Kingdom Contain : True bacteria and blue-green algae. Cell Type: Prokaryotic Heterotrophs and Autotrophs They are all Unicellular

More about Monera 10,000 species grow practically everywhere, including your mouth and digestive tract, the root nodules of legumes and the sun-baked boulders of arid deserts