Cultural Considerations Across the Lifespan and in Health and Illness Chapter 3 Cultural Considerations Across the Lifespan and in Health and Illness Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Key Terms acculturation alternative medicine beliefs complementary medicine cultural awareness cultural care cultural competence cultural interventions cultural sensitivity cultural stereotyping culture ethnicity ethnocentric stereotyping values Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture A set of learned values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors shared by a common social group Passed down through generations of family Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cultural Sensitivity Observing and demonstrating knowledge of culturally appropriate verbal language, body language, use of personal space, and gestures of respect toward family members Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cultural Competence Awareness of, acceptance of, and respect for beliefs, values, traditions, and practices that are different from one’s own Cultural stereotyping Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Beliefs Cultural teachings of practices and values handed down for generations Determine how one behaves and responds to daily life and health-care practices Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Values Deep feelings about what is right or wrong, good or bad Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Ethnicity A cultural pattern shared by people with the same cultural heritage: Language Preferred diet Specific customs Family roles Religious beliefs Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cultural Awareness Recognizing the history of patients’ ancestry or culture and how their customs influence the handling of problems, issues, or teachings Ethnocentricity Acculturation See Table 3-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cultural Care Cultural interventions Communication Personal space Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and Pregnancy Effleurage The PrimaBella See Figure 3-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and the Child Cultural practices can influence the timing of developmental stages Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Culture and the Adolescent Independence in adolescents is not valued equally by all cultures. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and the Adult Views of women Marriage Birth control Health care Abortion Menopause Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Culture and the Older Adult A positive attitude toward life and health is encouraged for older adults in most cultures. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Culture and Health Beliefs Balances between hot and cold Yang (light, heat, or dryness) and yin (darkness, cold, or wetness) Harmony in body, mind, and spirit Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and Illness Specific holidays may involve some restriction of activity Sacrament of Last Rites Declining medications or psychotherapy Declining blood transfusions or medications containing blood products Sacred undergarments Illness is the result of sins committed in a previous life or for the atonement of sins in the present life “Sick persons’ role” Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and Death Self-Determination Act of 1991 In most Western cultures, a high value is placed on individual life In many non-Western cultures, the welfare of the family is primary, and life-and-death decisions are made by group approval Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and Teaching The myriad of cultures creates an opportunity for misunderstandings and misinterpretations of health-care teachings Questions should be phrased in a neutral fashion Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Culture and Food Many cultures and religions include certain foods as an integral part of holiday celebrations and may also restrict the consumption of other foods Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies and Culture Growing desire for control of one's own body and health-care decisions Desire for consideration of family, cultural beliefs, and values Alternative medicine Complementary medicine Every patient should be assessed for CAM therapy use Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

The Government’s Role in Promoting Culturally Competent Care National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health and Cross Cultural Health Care Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) U.S. Office of Minority Health Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Outcomes Understanding culture as related to health care will: Improve services and health-care outcomes. Enhance cost effectiveness of health care. Reduce errors caused by misunderstandings. Assist in reaching Healthy People 2020 goals. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.