Introduction: The World Transformed 1650-1789 Introduction: The World Transformed

Transformation By 1650- a “Booming” world market- stimulated movement of goods Unintended cons.- enterprise of Piracy spread other European culture 1500s- 200,000 Spanish people (10% women) migrated to Latin America 1600’s- comparable numbers of English, French and Dutch did the same to North America These immigrants became a “ruling elite” that diffused their culture into the New World- cities with grid patterns, churches at the centre of all urban planning…and so on.

European Culture Spreads Immigrants: language, religion, livestock, tools, plants, horses- totally transforming the lives of the native people’s- what else?? Plants- intentional and unintentional- wheat came with traditional farming methods (vs. Three Sisters) Ecological alterations- diseases, invasive plants (unintentional)- mustard, mint, endives and spinach, dandelions Africa- Europeans brought sweet potatoes and maize East Asia kept Europeans at arms length- therefore less influenced by European culture or ecology

Population Immigrants settled “among” native socities- men outnumbered women- the result???? Mestizos (Metis) See Festival Scene…

European Culture Transformed Europeans were transformed as well by the contact with the new world/people’s- Syphilis (ravaged Europe till the 1900’s)- positive and negative- actual helped develop the “safe sex” attitude that started to exist (finally) in the late 1920’s European diet changed- Imagine Ireland without Potatoes or Italians without Tomatoes Maize transformed European diet later but changed agriculture- animal feed and peasant food (Italians and Polenta) Luxuries/stimulants- Chocolate (Aztec Mexico- Europeans drank it), Tea (from Asia), Coffee (early 16th century- from Africa- 1615 in was popular in Venice) Social life changes due to these stimulants (coffee shops 1600s) But the biggest impression was…

Tobacco Columbus saw Amerindians smoking it First cultivated in Europe for medicinal purposes- by mid 1600s it had reached China (where EVERYONE took up the habit) Now for this: cultivating Tobacco is hard without chemicals so people had to constantly annex and seek out new lands to cultivate; a drive for more land- more transformation Big influence on the commercial revolution- movement of goods all over the world, creating demand, which fuels more explorations and commerce- the original stimulus was for access to spices

A New Worldview False, highly imaginative original view of what Europeans would find- it proved to be bigger and more diverse than expected Increased expeditions (Europeans were fascinated by the exotic) of scientific purpose which will ultimately lead to Darwin New World Maps- much more realistic view of the world than ever before- Flemish cartographer Mercator in 1569 What does this map show about European attitudes