The Two Worlds of Christendom Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Medieval Christendom Two halves Byzantine empire Germanic states Inherited Christianity from Roman empire After eighth century, tensions between two halves ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Early Byzantine Empire Capital: Byzantium Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E. 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority Political rule Involved in religious rule as well Authority absolute ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Justinian (527-565 C.E.) The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Background: circus performer Ambitious construction programs The church of Hagia Sophia Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Justinian the Great ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Emperor Justinian with political leaders on the right and religious leaders on the left ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hagia Sophia – Istanbul, Turkey ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Interior of the Hagia Sophia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories – abandon Rome ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Muslim Conquests 600s: Arab Muslim expansion Attacked Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through use of “Greek fire” – nasty weapon consisting of sulphur, lime, and petroleum Launched at ships and ground forces of all invaders ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Greek Fire ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Germanic Successor States 476 C.E.: Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population Germanic successor states: Visigoths Ostrogoths Lombards Franks ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Franks 400’s-800s: Heavy influence on European development Conversion to Christianity gains popular support Firm alliance with western Christian church ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Vikings From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries beginning in the 800s Constantinople sacked three times Either plunder or commerce as convenient Had commercial contact with Muslims ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. L’Anse Aux Meadows ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Economy in Medieval Christendom Byzantium – economic powerhouse Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade Western Christendom Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline 900s: increased political stability leads to economic recovery ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after sixth century Bezant becomes standard currency Tax revenues from silk route ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities Agricultural innovations Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar Small scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Byzantium: Urban Society Aristocrats: palaces Artisans: apartments Working poor: communal living spaces Hippodrome Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Western Europe: Rural Society Concept of feudalism Lords and vassals Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. European Feudalism ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Population Growth in Christendom During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations By eighth century, demographic recovery Political stability Productive agriculture ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of Christian Societies Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority By 1000s: two rival communities Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Byzantine Church Church and state closely aligned Byzantine emperors appoint patriarchs Treated as a department of state Caesaropapism creates internal conflict in church ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Ritual disputes Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes Nature of the Trinity ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Schism Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction Autonomy of patriarchs, or primacy of Rome? 1054: patriarch of Constantinople and pope of Rome excommunicate each other East: Orthodox church West: Roman Catholic ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.