Chapter 1 Section 1 Standard: 10.1

Greek Roots of Democracy

The Rise of Greek City-States The Greeks, isolated in mountain valleys and on islands, built small, independent city-states. CITY-STATES is a political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands. The Greeks expanded over seas from Spain to Egypt.

Governing the City-States Cities were built on 2 levels: On a hilltop was a acropolis (uh KRAH puh lis), the high city, with its great temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses. On flatter ground below were the main city with the marketplace, theater, public buildings, and homes.

Governing the City-States acropolis TOWN

Governing the City-States Population: small Helps citizens share responsibility for its triumphs and defeats Community: Men spent time outdoors in marketplace Debated issues that affected their lives Whole-community festivals honoring the city’s special god or goddess

A Change 750 B.C.- 500 B.C. First, a king ruled the polis which is a monarchy. MONARCHY: King or queen has central power Then power shifted to a class of noble landowners which is an aristocracy. At first they defended the King. Eventually they changed and won power for themselves. ARISTOCRACY: Small ruling group

Changes in Warfare Middle class became more powerful with changes in military technology New fighting method: Phalanx A massive formation that required many hours of practice. Intensive training lead to strong sense of unity among citizen-soldiers

Changes in Warfare Putting the defense of the city-state in the hands of ordinary citizens lead to less class difference. It also led to a change among 2 of the most influential city-states: Sparta and Athens Sparta stressed stern discipline Athens glorified the individual and extended political rights to more citizens.

Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers In 600 B.C. became a military state At age 7 they began training for a lifetime in the army Course diet Hard exercise Rigid system of discipline

Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers Girls: Were expected to produce healthy sons for the army. Worked to exercise and strengthen their bodies

Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers Government: 2 kings Council of Elders Assembly: made up of all citizens. They were responsible for approving major decisions. Citizens: Male, native-born, over age 30 Ephors: elected by assembly, officials who held the real power and ran day-to-day affairs.

Athens: A Limited Democracy DEMOCRACY: government by the people. The ideal of democracy began in Athens In Athens their government began as a monarchy but evolved into an aristocracy.

Athens: A Limited Democracy 700 B.C. noble landowners held power and chose chief officials. Nobles judged major cases in court and dominated the assembly. Athenian wealth and power grew. However, ordinary people were unhappy. They wanted more rights, especially farmers who during hard times, were forced to sell their land to nobles and became slaves.

Athens: A Limited Democracy In 594 B.C. Solon was the trusted leader He outlawed debt slavery and freed those already sold into it to pay off debts He opened offices to more citizens Loosened citizenship requirements Gave Athenian Assembly more authority His reforms assured more fairness and justice to small groups

Athens: A Limited Democracy Still, many ordinary people were still upset thus leading to tyrants. TYRANTS: leaders who gain power through force Tyrants won the support of merchant class and the poor by creating reforms to help these groups.

Athens: A Limited Democracy Tyrant: Pisistratus (py SIS truh tus) Gave farmers and poor citizens a greater voice, weakening the aristocracy 507 B.C. reformer: Cleisthenes (KLYS thuh neez) Made role of citizens in government bigger Created council of 500, whose members were chosen by citizens over 30. Made council a legislature: prepared laws, supervised day-to-day work of government, debated laws before deciding to approve or reject them

Athens: A Limited Democracy By modern standard their democracy was very limited. Only make citizens could participate in the government Few people qualified for citizenship Women had no share in public life

Assignment #1: What process took city-states from monarchy to aristocracy and, in Athens, to democracy? You can create a timeline or write in paragraph form a response. If you choose a timeline you must use complete sentences to explain each tick mark.