Chapter 1 Section 4: First Encounters

Objectives Identify the goals of Christopher Columbus. Explain the consequences of his journey to the Americas. Analyze the effects of European contact with the people of the Americas.

Terms and People Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa in 1487 Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed around southern Africa to India in 1498 Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497

Terms and People (continued) Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner who reached the coast of Brazil in 1500 Amerigo Vespucci − Genoese mariner who explored South America’s coast in 1501; Europeans mapmakers called the new continents America, a variant of his name Ferdinand Magellan − mariner whose 1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling the globe conquistador − Spanish soldier who explored and conquered central Mexico

Terms and People (continued) Hernán Cortés − conquistador who invaded present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztecs Moctezuma − Aztec ruler Columbian Exchange − the global exchange of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492

How did European exploration affect the Americas? With the goal of reaching Asia, European sailors continued exploration. In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas, Planned to conquer the land, gain wealth, and convert people to Christianity.

In the 1400s, the Portuguese wanted route to Asia. Bartolomeu Dias In 1487, Dias used the winds of the South Atlantic to get around the southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama In 1498, da Gama used Dias’s discovery to reach India, opening a profitable trade route. Portuguese dominated trade routes around Africa

The Spanish looked westward into the open Atlantic. The Spanish hoped to find islands in the west that they could exploit. They also hoped that explorers could one day reach China.

Italian sailor Columbus was determined to make a westward voyage to China. He hoped to convert the Chinese to Christianity and use their wealth to begin a new crusade against Islam.

Funded by Spain, in 1492 Columbus reached the Bahamas, which he claimed for Spain. Columbus made 4 voyages to what he thought was the East Indies, near Asia. He used force to conquer Native Americans on the islands.

Columbus didn’t reach Asia, but found a land that would bring riches and power to Christianity. Slave labor came from Native Americans and Africans.

Columbus’s Voyages, 1492-1504

In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty drew a boundary line through the mid-Atlantic. It gave the Spanish lands west of the line and the Portuguese lands east of the line.

Other explorers discovered that Columbus reached the shores of 2 continents previously unknown to Europeans.

Conquistadors extended Spain’s empire in the Americas. The Spanish killed or enslaved Native Americans. Many were forced to convert to Christianity. The Spanish destroyed their cities, stole their gold, and exploited their natural resources.

With swords, guns, and horses, conquistadors destroyed native civilizations. Hernán Cortés defeated the Aztecs and leader Moctezuma. Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas and ruler Atallaupa.

Europeans brought new diseases to native populations. With no natural defenses, many Native Americans died. As Native Americans died, the Spanish turned to African slaves for the labor in the colonies.

Europeans who came to the Americas in the 1400s began the Columbian Exchange. Colonists brought European plants and animals to the Americas. Both helped and hurt Native Americans. Europeans increased their economies by growing plants from the Americas.

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange helped trigger global population shifts. European Population Growth Large harvests aided by new American crops caused the European population to grow Native American Population Decline The Native American proportion of the global population collapsed

Pg. 25: The Columbian Exchange What were 3 goods that were brought from the Old World to the New World? What were 3 goods that were brought from the New World to the Old World? What problems did the Columbian Exchange bring to the Americas? What was an issue with new plants and animals coming to the New World?

See Chart Diseases such as smallpox, typhus, and measles, which killed off many Native Americans New plants gave the old plants competition

Section 1.4 Assessment What was the purpose of Columbus’s voyage? (Pg. 21-23) What role did disease play in defeating Native American populations? (Pg. 24) What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do? (Pg. 22-23) What were 3 things the conquistadors did to the Native American populations? (Pg. 23-24)

To spread Christianity, obtain goods/riches, expand Spanish territory Smallpox, typhus, and measles killed off Native American populations who did not have immunity built up to them It drew a Mid-Atlantic boundary line for Spain and Portugal Enslaved them, took their lands, forced them to Christianity