Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Jim Crow Handout: highlight on handouts answers to the following … (1) Plessy was the “guinea pig” for … (2) An 1883 Supreme Court decision said individuals couple discriminate but states … Homer Plessy (3) Famous words to humiliate black Americans for 58 years … (4) Description of C. Vann Woodward in The Strange Career of Jim Crow of what life was for two or three decades in the “interregnum” between 1877 and 1900 … (5) In 1898, when expansionists annexed the Philippines, saying Filipinos were not fit to govern themselves, Southern racists questioned …

Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.

Major Unit Questions … Was the Civil War inevitable? (2) Was the Era of Reconstruction a failure or success? (3) What do we do about these Confederate monuments and other symbols of the Confederacy?

Socrates, 470-399 B.C. Socratic method Agora (city center) Purpose?

Socrates, 470-399 B.C. Purpose? Determine - Underlying beliefs - Limits of knowledge - Truth (even amongst those that disagree)

Reconstruction Was it a success or failure? Era between 1865 to 1877, involving “bringing” the states back into the Union and changing institutions.

What is President Lincoln’s Principle Objective for War? Letter to Horace Greeley of “New York Tribune” on Aug. 22, 1862: Lincoln states, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”

Dwight Eisenhower “I think the civil rights program is eminently reasonable and moderate. I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions or anything else.” - The President's News Conference June 26, 1957 1953-1961

“Prairie Edge Replaces Controversial Statue,” March 19, 2008 (3) What do we do about these Confederate monuments? “Prairie Edge Replaces Controversial Statue,” March 19, 2008

Erected in 1924

City council voted 3 to 2 to remove the statue. Until it’s removal, it was shrouded. Judge ordered the shroud removed.

Confederate Statues No statues to Gen. James Longstreet The history of when they were put-up is important; the original meaning of these statues is important!!! Local people are making these decisions National strategy?

Stone Mountain, Georgia Purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958, "as a memorial to the Confederacy,” Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 – 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination.

Stone Mountain, Georgia Jefferson Davis, Gen. Robert E. Lee, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Founding of second KKK in 1915 Martin Luther King Jr., "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia" during 1963 “I Have A Dream” speech

** Most important point = the democratic process

Confederate Monuments & “Unite the Right Rally” August 11-12, 2017, a white supremacist march “Jews will not replace us” “Blood and Soil” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emylR6BgBxE (0:27 begin)

** Should we allow demonstrations memorializing the Confederacy?

Reconstruction (1865 to 1877) Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Black Codes (1865-67) Civil Rights Act of 1866 Military Reconstruction Act (1867) Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson (1868)

Reconstruction (1865 to 1877) 14th Amendment (1868) Political Representation by African Americans Panic of 1873 Compromise of 1877 end of military reconstruction Blanche Bruce, 1875-81 Hiram Revels, 1870-71

Story of Maceo Snipes “In the state of Georgia, in 1946, a young African American veteran named Maceo Snipes learned the Supreme Court had ruled he had a right to vote. No African American had voted in his county since Reconstruction, but Maceo Snipes went down and registered. The following morning he was sitting on his porch and a white man came up to him and killed him with a shotgun. His funeral was held the next day, and in the midst of the funeral, Maceo’s mother rose and moved up through the crowd, up to his coffin, where they waited to lower it into the earth. And she asked her second son to come forth. He was 17. And she said to him, ‘Put your hand on this coffin, and swear on the body of your brother than when you get to be 21, you’re going down to the courthouse to do what he did — to vote.’ ”

How were Jim Crow Laws established? Read pages 304-307, answering: (1) Main ruling in the Supreme Court “Civil Rights Cases” (1883)? (2) Describe how the right to vote was denied by Southern states. *** Senator Ben Tillman’s quote. (3) By 1940 ____ % of African Americans voting in the South? (4) Summarize efforts of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells …

African Americans Disenfranchised Poll Tax “Good character clause” Literacy test Grandfather clause

African American Political Organization Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) Favored a “gradual” approach to social justice, focusing first on job skills & economic development W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) Favored immediate social justice, full civil rights, and political participation immediately Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) Back to Africa Movement “Atlanta Compromise”

2nd Era of “Reconstruction” The Civil Rights Era (1954 – 1968)