Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Ecology 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [19] (9) ecosystem deterioration due to lack of water (quantity) (8) ecosystem deterioration due to water pollution (quality) (2) Quantity and quality problem Generally caused by an imbalance of: economical – social – ecological aspects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Improve water management practices to achieve: Establish nature reserves Controlled water abstractions Sewage treatment Pollution reduction River restoration Dreding of river (Ural) Refer to “Priority Problems of Water Management” 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Data Base and Monitoring 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [13] (9) improve quality and quantity monitoring of rivers (2) study special contaminations (hot spots) (1) establish a GIS for water management (1) provide computers, software for River Basin Organisations 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Characteristic of the Problem Lack of static data: Identification of contaminations Identifications of aquifers (groundwater resource) Lack of dynamic data: Deterioration of monitoring networks Lack of monitoring facilities Data management problems Lack of equipment (computers etc.) Lack of modern software and staff training 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Monitoring cycle concept Define information needs Define monitoring strategy, define network Process of data collection and transfer Efficient data analysis Reports, information dissemination Define Monitoring Objective ! Decision making (e.g. remediation of hot spot) Control purposes (e.g. effluent quality) Management purposes (e.g. flow regulation) 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Monitoring of underground contamination For decision making on remedial action Groundwater monitoring Water levels, movements, quality (not automatic) Monitoring of transboundary rivers Flows (automatic recording, transfer) Quality (manual, except for special risks) Surface water monitoring Effluents automatic; immission manual Hydro-meteorological monitoring 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Monitoring concept to be developed with: Information needs (objectives) Technical requirements (sampling, transfer, processing, reporting, information dissemination) Investment costs, operation costs Revenues from data sales, required subsidies River Basin Authorities to be in charge with a central data bank 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Industrial Water Supply, Wastewater Disposal and Pollution Reduction 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [8] (4) improve indust. water pollution control (1) develop monitoring system (UK region) (1) reconsider pollution limits (1) upgrade industrial wastewater treatment plants (1) stop uneconomic water use  recycling (3) Hot spots / accidental spills (2) Nura bed mercury clean-up (1) Ilek river boron and chromium VI pollution (1) local pipe production 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Clean-up of hot spots E.g. Nura river, UK groundwater pollution Regulatory approach Develop branch specific effluent standards Develop realistic strategic action plan with transition periods (to achieve good status  not to kill viable industry) Access to financing (e.g. eco fund) 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Agricultural Water Supply 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [6] Raised in 5 workshops (2 x BA, Ir, Is, ST, UC) Agriculture accounts for 10% of GDP, 14% of employment and 10% of exports Irrigated land reduced to 1/3 since 1993 Water consumption reduced to ½ 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problem Land ownership questions Production cost of irrigated products No big enough associations to sustain the large irrigation facilities Lack of funds by farmers for input material Difficult access to funds People move to urban centres 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Rehabilitate schemes which have: Identified owner/ operator Resolved landownership Amelioration associations (1000 – 5000ha) Low pumping heads Marketable irrigated products Rehabilitation cost approx. < 1000 $/ha Other NIS experience: 30% of previous area feasible Estimated investments required in sector: $ 600 mln. 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Education 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [3] Lack of qualified staff in water organisations Education/ training of young professionals Awareness building of water users 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Education / training / professionals: Public finance + private sponsoring of education International know-how exchange; research programs Create environment for private design/ consulting companies (instead of founding an institute) Professionals in Water Organisations Attractive conditions (salary, career, image etc.) Awareness building for water users Children in schools: information campaigns Adults: TV and radio spots 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Hydropower, Dam Safety and Flood Protection 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [3] Ir degradation of flood plains due to Shulba HPP Ec BA flow balancing problem down of Kapchagai HPP Ec TT Tobol Torgay dams flow regulation; eco concerns Ec TT stratification and cyanophyta in reservoirs Ec Ir build Shulba II for flooding plains and navigation Ec BA water release at Kapchagai causes flooding FP ST rehabilitate / improve safety of Ashibulak dam Ma TT rehabilitate Segeevsk dam Ma TT study pollutants in sediments in reservoirs Ma 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy and Projects Competing water uses: “economy-ecology-sociology” Aquatic growth: water quality, weed harvest, Maintain water quality: Dam safety and monitoring procedures: owner and authority Some problems are included under other water sectors 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Proposed Flood Protection Strategies 30 100 1000 Flood Protection Cost Damage Cost (Rural area) 10 Return frequency (years) Cost ($) Damage Cost (Urban area) 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Professional Fishery 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [1] Ural and Kygach rivers Hydraulic structures hinder fish migration Discharge modification / river diversion Imbalance between native species and competing introduced fish Decline of water quality Over-fishing – Sturgeon fisheries 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Integrated approach to water use planning (fish ladders, by-pass structures, “soften river regulation”) Review fisheries in irrigation and drainage canals Improve management of Sturgeon fishery Restocking programme for Caspian Sea sturgeons Keep priority to wild resource versus commercial aquaculture Combat fish poaching 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Inland Navigation 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [1] Irtysh river Lack of ship lock at Shulba dam Silting of river sections is also a problem at Ural river mouth 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Feasibility study on merits and demerits of inland navigation considering costs, benefits and all ecological and social impacts in particular of regular dredging and the construction of a ship lift 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects Thank you for your attention 10-Apr-19 Wilfried Pistecky