Preview Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Classification Preview Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Concept Mapping

Objectives Explain why and how organisms are classified. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Objectives Explain why and how organisms are classified. List the eight levels of classification. Explain scientific names. Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying organisms.

Section 1 Sorting It All Out Why Classify? The classification of living things makes it easier for biologists to answer many important questions such as: 1. How many known species exist? 2. What are defining characteristics of each species? 3. What are the relationships between these species?

How do Scientists Classify Organisms? Section 1 Sorting It All Out How do Scientists Classify Organisms? Taxonomists currently use eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics. On a branching diagram (cladogram), several characteristics are listed along line that points to the right. Each characteristic is shared by organisms to the right of it.

Section 1 Sorting It All Out cladograms

Eight Levels of Classification Section 1 Sorting It All Out Eight Levels of Classification 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species ** Dumb King Philip came over for great spaghetti. **Dumb kings play chess on fat green stools.

Section 1 Sorting It All Out

Scientific Names One Species, One Name A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be. EX: Puma concolor mountain lion, cougar, puma, panther, painter Also: gopher = turtle in some areas, groundhog in others

What is the mental image you get when the word “gopher” is said?

Felis domesticus Two-Part Names: binomial nomenclature first part of species name = genus Always capitalized. second part of name = species Never capitalized. Both words italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten. EX: Felis domesticus Felis domesticus .

Two-Part Names: binomial nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) Swedish scientist - developed modern system of classification using two scientific names Useful for scientists no matter what language they speak to know exact organism to which they refer EX: develop vaccine for specific disease Typically, names derived: from Latin or Greek (most often) in honour of discoverer famous scientist/person location of organism

Section 1 Sorting It All Out Dichotomous Keys dichotomous key: a tool for identifying organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements. By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism.

Section 1 Sorting It All Out

Dichotomous Key class activity

Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Objectives Explain how classification developed as greater numbers of organisms became known. Describe the three domains. Describe four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya.

A Growing System People are still discovering and classifying organisms (especially in the ocean). Sometimes new organisms are found that are so different from other known organisms that new classes, phyla, etc. must be formed. EX: 50 years ago, only 2 kingdoms used: Plants, Animals As technology improves, organisms may need to be reclassified (DNA sequencing, cellular chemistry, etc)

Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms classified by their characteristics. Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for characteristics of different organisms. Classification systems will vary by age of publication. Those older than 10 years typically do not include the domains.

THREE DOMAINS: 1. Archaea (Archaebacteria) 2. Bacteria (Eubacteria) 3. Eukarya (Eukaryota)

The 6 Kingdoms

The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria Domain Archaea: one of two kinds of prokaryotes Prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. most live in extreme environments: hot springs (thermophiles) high salt or sulfur (halophiles) high pressure in deep ocean or underground frigid areas

The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria Domain Eubacteria: prokaryotes can be found nearly everywhere on Earth: soil (nitrogen-fixers, decomposers) water on/inside human body (EX: E. coli) Most bacteria are harmless to humans, acting as decomposers, nitrogen-fixers, etc.

Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya eukaryote: has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles Kingdom Protista commonly called protists single-celled or simple multi-cellular organisms Any organism NOT classified as plant, animal, or fungi is placed here: “garbage can” kingdom

Kingdom Protista Protists classified as: Plant-like – contain chlorophyll (algae) Animal-like – move using cilia or flagella, predatory (protozoans and euglenoids) Fungus-like – absorb/engulf decaying organic matter similar to fungi (slime molds)

Paramecium > Common Protists Amoeba Euglena

and an uncommon one…. dog vomit slime mold

The Domain Eukarya, continued Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya, continued Kingdom Fungi complex, multi-cellular eukaryotes molds mushrooms yeasts Heterotrophic: do not make own food Do not perform photosynthesis nor “eat” food. Instead, absorb nutrients from substances in their surroundings, esp dead organic matter Analogy: spit on food, digestive juices break down it down, absorb the nutrients thru skin

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae Plants complex, multi-cellular organisms eukaryotic Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Plantae Plants complex, multi-cellular organisms eukaryotic have cell walls autotrophic (make own food through photosynthesis  require sunlight) Examples of Plantae mosses, trees, flowers, grasses, ferns, and more.

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia Animals heterotrophic Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Kingdom Animalia Animals heterotrophic complex, multi-cellular organisms do NOT have cell walls able to move around at some point in lifetime have specialized sense organs Examples of Animalia Ants, beetles, lizards, fish, birds, humans, elephants, and more.

Kingdom Animalia