Latin American Revolutions

Revolution in Latin America When Napoleon deposed the king of Spain during the Peninsular War, liberal Creoles (colonists born in Spanish America) seized control of many colonies in America. When the CoV restored the king to the Spanish throne, royalist peninsulares (colonists born in Spain) tried to regain control of these colonial governments

In response, the Spanish king took steps to tighten control over the American colonies This action angered the Mexicans, who rose in revolt and successfully threw off Spain’s control. Other Spanish colonies in Latin America also claimed independence. At about the same time, Brazil declared independence from Portugal.

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity? In the 1800s

What is nationalism? The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

What is a nation-state? An independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity A nation-state has its own government A nation-state defends the nation’s territory and way of life and it represents the nation to the rest of the world.

6 bonds that create a NS 1) Culture 2) History 3) Language A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals) 2) History A common past; common experience 3) Language Different dialects of one language; one dialect becomes “national language”

4) Territory 5) Nationality 6) Religion A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its “land” 5) Nationality Belief in common ethnic ancestry that may or may not be true 6) Religion A religion shared by all or most of the people

EXERCISE For each bond, give examples of how each are represented in the United States.

Types of Nationalist Movements CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands 19th century Germany (Otto von Bismarck) and Italy (Giuseppe Garibaldi) Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away -Greeks in the Ottoman Empire - French-speaking Canadians State-building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture The United States Turkey

HONORS - Examples throughout history POSITIVE RESULTS of nationalism NEGATIVE RESULTS of nationalism People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good The overthrow of colonial rule Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation’s majority culture Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s - Democratic governments in nations throughout the world - The rise of extreme nationalistic movements, such as Nazism - Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances - Competition between nations leading to warfare

HONORS - Ex: Impact of Nationalism Between 1950-1980, 47 African countries overthrew colonial rulers and became independent nations In the 1990s, the republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia broke away from Yugoslavia In 2003, Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro Europe has about 47 countries (some of those lie partially in Europe and Asia). About 50 languages are spoken in the region In most of Latin America, Spanish or Portuguese is the official language.

Questions: 1) What types of nationalist movements can evolve in lands with culturally distinct groups? 2) What must be present for state-building to take place? 3) How is New West an example of all three movements?