Atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. Functional groups give the molecule personality. Functional Group

Each functional group gives the molecule distinctive chemical & physical properties. Molecules with functional groups contain at least one atom that is not C or H. Not hydrocarbons! Functional Group

Names of molecules with functional group Derived from the name of the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. Names of molecules with functional group

Halides or halocarbons or alkyl halides One or more H in an alkane is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I). General formula = R-X. X is the halogen. R is the alkyl branch. Halides or halocarbons or alkyl halides

Likely to be polar molecules, unless very symmetric. Dipole-dipole interactions. Properties of Halides

Polar Molecules Have POLES. The electron cloud is lop-sided. One end of molecule is electron-rich & the other electron-poor. Dipole-dipole interactions. Polar Molecules

Atoms in molecule have very different electronegativities. Molecule is not symmetrically shaped. Polar Molecules

Higher mp, bp, Hf, Hv than the corresponding alkanes. Lower rate of evaporation & vapor pressure than the corresponding alkanes. Properties of Halides

One or more hydrogens in a hydrocarbon replaced with an OH group. General formula = R-OH. The OH or hydroxyl group does NOT ionize in water. Alcohols

Properties of Alcohols NONelectrolytes. No H+ or OH- ions in solution. Do NOT turn litmus red, etc. Properties of Alcohols

Properties of Alcohols Contain O-H bond. Molecules tend to be polar. Dissolve in water. Hydrogen bonding takes place between alcohol molecules. Higher mp, bp than corresponding alkanes. Properties of Alcohols

Replace final –e of corresponding alkane name with –ol. Naming Alcohols

Classification of alcohols by number of -OH groups. Monohydroxy: 1 -OH group. Dihydroxy: 2 –OH groups. Trihydroxy: 3 -OH groups. Classification of alcohols by number of -OH groups.

Primary: OH group at end carbon. Secondary: OH group on middle carbon. Tertiary: OH group at branch-point carbon. Further classification of monohydroxy alcohols by carbon to which OH group attached.

Ethers Contain an O atom bridge connecting 2 alkyl branches. General Formula: ROR‘ R & R‘ are alkyl groups (the 2 branches). R & R‘ can be same or different. Ethers

Tend to be nonpolar. Properties of Ethers

Name branches alphabetically. Stick the word “ether” at the end. Naming Ethers

C in a chain that has a double bond to an O. >C=O or C  Carbonyl Group

Contain a carbonyl group at the end of the chain. Aldehydes

Replace final “e” of corresponding alkane name with “al.” Naming Aldehydes

Contain a carbonyl group on a carbon atom inside the chain, not at the end. Ketones

Replace final “e” of corresponding alkane name with “one.” Naming Ketones

Carbonyl group is quite polar Carbonyl group is quite polar. Tend to be soluble in both polar & nonpolar solvents. Properties of ketones

Contain a –COOH group at the end of the molecule. -C-O-H  Organic Acids

The H in the –COOH group is acidic! -C-O-H  Organic Acids

Properties of organic acids Turn litmus red. Electrolytes! -C-O-H O  Properties of organic acids

Replace the final –e of the corresponding alkane name with “-oic acid” Naming organic acids

Esters Contain 2 oxygens! Bridge O in the middle of the chain. Carbonyl O right next door. Esters

General formula of esters R-CO-OR‘ R-C-O-R' Bridge O Carbonyl O O  General formula of esters

Naming Esters Name alkyl branch next to bridge O. Name branch with carbonyl group. Replace –e of corresponding alkane name with -oate. Naming Esters

Format of esterification rxn: Alcohol + Org. Acid  Ester + H2O Formation of Esters

Formation of Esters H O H H H HCCOH + HOCCCH           HCCOCCCH + H2O     H H H H Formation of Esters

Amines Replace H in an alkane with –NH2 group. Replace final –e in alkane name with amine. # gives location of NH2 group. Analogous to alcohols Amines

Properties of Amines Tend to smell really bad. Contain N-H bond. Exhibit H-bonding between molecules. Properties of Amines

Contain NH2 group bonded to a carbonyl group. General formula: R-C-NH2  Amides

Naming Amides Find name of corresponding alkane. Drop final -e & add –amide. Never need a # - Always at the end. Naming Amides

Contain COOH group at end. C right next door has NH2 or amino group. Amino Acids

Large molecules made of chains of smaller units covalently bonded together. Polymer

Each individual unit of a polymer Monomer

Reaction leading to formation of polymers Polymerization