Dr Anna Ross University of Warwick Week 10: Muslims and Islam Spanish Imperialism in North Africa 1912-1956 Dr Anna Ross University of Warwick Tetouan, 1930

Berbers Morocco-based Islamic dynastic states, from Jonathan Wyrtzen, Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity (XXXX: Cornell, 2015) , p. 39. Note: 711-1492 Muslim domination of certain areas of the Iberian Peninsula. (Al Andalus)

https://archnet.org/collections/931/media_contents/116859

https://archnet.org/collections/931/media_contents/112514

Moroccan monarch combined three official titles: Moroccan Islam: Moroccan monarch combined three official titles: Sultan – literally ‘holder of power’ in Arabic and had no religious connotations. ‘Many Muslim rulers employed the title sultan, and the Moroccan sultan was just one of them (2, ethnographic state)’ Khalifa – generally translated as ‘caliph’. ‘As caliph he was the religiously sanctioned ruler, the ‘Commander of the Faithful’ who was endowed with supernatural powers (2)’ Finally he was Imam – ‘in the Sunni context this term had much the same religious connotations as ‘caliph’. Imam also had a more specific meaning, since it was the imam in the Sunni Muslim tradition who was charged with leading the general noon prayer on Fridays (2)’