Unit 5: Expansion and Reform The 2nd Industrial revolution Consequences of the 2nd Industrial Revolution Progressive Reforms to Fix Society

Railroads Railroads started in early 1800s but became more popular after Civil War Profitable and reliable form of transportation

Effects of Railroads Effected Other Industries… RR required certain materials like steel More RR being built = more steel that needed to be made RR caused the steel industry to grow Helped other industries grow by transporting supplies for manufacturing and goods for trade

Effects of Railroads Effected Development of the West… 1869 Effected Development of the West… Transcontinental Railroad: Built 1869 RR that connected East to West Union Pacific (Irish) Central Pacific (Chinese) Improved transportation for businesses and travelers Increased Chinese population in West due to jobs building RR More people could move out west because RR linked them economically to the east 2007

Monopolies Monopoly (aka trust) Ex: Standard Oil Company Business that controls the price of the product since it is the only seller Ex: Standard Oil Company Owned by John D. Rockefeller Controlled the oil market Led to the rise of “big businesses” that built large factories and employed many people

New Inventions New inventions improved communication, transportation, and manufacturing Examples: Electric Light Bulb, Phonograph, and Motion Picture (invented by Thomas Edison) Telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell) Telegraph/Morse Code (invented by Samuel Morse) Bessemer Process made better steel (invented by Henry Bessemer) Light Bulb Phonograph Motion Picture Camera

Consquences of the 2nd industrial revolution

Consequence #1 = Immigration More factories = more jobs Immigration increased dramatically Most immigrants in eastern US were from Southern and Eastern Europe Arrived at Ellis Island in NY where all immigrants were examined and registered Most immigrants in western US were from China Arrived at Angel Island in CA where they were examined and registered Immigrants settled in cities and were willing to work for low wages Effects: Prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination

Consequence #1 – cont. Chinese Exclusion Act: law passed in 1882 that banned Chinese immigration to the US Americans were angry about high numbers of Chinese taking jobs in the West lasted until 1943 and showed racism during the time period

Attitudes towards immigrants

Consequence #2 = Conflict with Natives RR allowed more people to move out west US Citizens took land from Native Americans Native Americans relied on strong leadership during this difficult time Ex: Chief Sitting Bull Leader of Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux tribe Refused to depend on US government for help or to live on a reservation Eventually surrendered to US govt in 1881 after running out of resources Battle field, mass grave at Wounded Knee 1890

Consequence #2 = Conflict with Natives Resulted in many conflicts between native tribes and US military Ex: Battle of Wounded Knee 1890, South Dakota Over 300 natives died, including women and children Last major battle between whites and natives Natives lost power to US government

Consequence #3 = Labor Unions & Strikes Factories jobs = long hours and little pay Workers formed labor unions Group of laborers Worked together to gain better working conditions, shorter hours, and more pay Example of Labor Union… American Federation of Labor: national labor union that included skilled workers largest labor union during this time period with over 1 million members led by Samuel Gompers from 1886-1924 Samuel Gompers

(Consequence #3 continued) Labor unions went on strike Strike: labor union members refused to work until they received demands like better pay, working conditions, or hours Example of a strike… Pullman Strike: Infamous strike near Chicago in 1894 Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company made luxury railroad cars Company cut wages so workers went on strike with help of American Railroad Union Strike eventually involved over 250,000 railroad workers and interfered with RR travel in 27 states Federal Government stepped in to end strike, which showed their loyalty to business owners rather than workers

The progressive era

What was the Progressive Era? Cause: Industrialization and social inequality caused many problems Effect: the Progressive Era 1900-1920 Reformers (aka muckrakers) identified the problems exposed the problems tried to fix the problems

Progressive Reforms Social Reforms Economic Reforms Political Reforms - Temperance - Immigration - Women’s Rights - Racial Inequality/Equality Economic Reforms - Factory Conditions - Conservation - “Trustbusting” Political Reforms - Expanding Political Power of Voters

Social Reform: Temperance Against alcohol Blamed alcohol for society’s problems like gambling, prostitution, and abuse 18th Amendment added to Constitution in 1919 Started Prohibition when it was illegal to buy or sell alcohol Lasted from 1919 to 1933

Social Reform: Women’s Rights Women’s rights movement started in 1848 at Seneca Falls Convention In 1900s, still fought for suffrage (voting rights) Used marches, peaceful protests, and speeches Gained suffrage with 19th Amendment in 1919

Social Reform: Immigration Anti-Immigration Nativists: people opposed to immigration Blamed society’s problems on immigrants Pro-Immigration Some people helped immigrants assimilate into American society Ex: Jane Addams Created settlement house named Hull House Taught immigrants English and helped them find jobs

Social Reform: Racial Inequality 14th and 15th Amendments were not obeyed in the South Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court said segregation was okay as long as facilities were equal “Separate But Equal” Jim Crow laws Laws in the South that enforced racial segregation Ex: separate schools, water fountains, stores, restaurants Facilities were NOT equal

Social Reform: Racial Equality To fight racial inequality NAACP was formed NAACP (1909 to present) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded by diverse group of people, including W.E.B. DuBois Used legal system to fight against Jim Crow South

Economic Reform: Factory Conditions Two key events proved that factories were unsafe and unsanitary Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle Both events convinced people that factories needed to be changed

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911, New York City Fire started at factory Workers (mostly women) could not escape because of cramped rooms and lack of exits 148 women died either in fire or from jumping out windows Effect: safer work places with better fire safety and more exits Worst workplace disaster in NYC until 9/11/2001 attacks

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair - Exposed unsanitary conditions at meat packing factories - Ex: rat droppings in food, sick cows still slaughtered, old meat re-packaged for sale - Meat sales decreased significantly - Led to reform laws (1906) 1) Meat Inspection Act: all meat had to be inspected by federal officials 2) Pure Food and Drug Act: all food and drugs had to have labels listing ingredients

Economic Reform: “Trustbusting” Monopolies (Trusts) controlled markets for products like oil and steel Many saw this as unfair Ex: Ida Tarbell Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company Exposed corrupt nature of Rockefeller’s company Laws passed to break up trusts (aka trustbusting) Gave smaller businesses chance to succeed President Teddy Roosevelt’s nickname = the Trustbuster

Economic Reform: Conservation "We have fallen heirs to the most glorious heritage a people ever received, and each one must do his part if we wish to show that the nation is worthy of its good fortune." - Theodore Roosevelt Industrialization & westward expansion increased use of American resources in 1800s President Theodore Roosevelt recognized need to protect and preserve natural resources before it was too late Actions taken by Roosevelt Created US Forest Service Declared 150 areas as National Forests Established 5 National Parks Overall, protected over 230 million acres of land Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

Political Reform: Increased Power of Voters Several laws passed in early 1900s that gave more political power to voters Initiative: voters can sign petition to propose laws for Congress to vote on Recall: voters can remove an elected official from office Referendum: voters can vote by ballot to reject or approve a law 17th Amendment: “direct election of Senators,” allows voters to elect Senators rather than other Congressmen choosing them