Alternatives to Glucose (4.3)

Related Pathways • larger carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are metabolized for energy by entering into a part of glycolysis or the Citric Acid Cycle

Related Pathways Image from: http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap05/ss5.htm

Protein Catabolism (breakdown) proteins are digested into amino acids amino groups are then removed in a process called deamination (occurs in the liver) Image from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/3d_prot.htm

Protein Catabolism other chemical reactions will convert the remaining part of the amino acids into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

Protein Catabolism alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine Pyruvate (glycolysis) leucine, lysine acetyl-CoA (Krebs) phenylalanine Fumarate (Krebs) asparagine, aspartate Oxaloacetate (Krebs) arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline α-ketoglutarate (Krebs)

Lipid Structure most of the fats digested by humans are triglycerides triglycerides are first digested into glycerol and fatty acids Image from: http://www.future-of-technology.com/index.php?p=2_7

Lipid Catabolism glycerol is either converted into G3P and enters glycolysis if oxygen is present, fatty acids are transported to the matrix of the mitochondria and undergo β-oxidation

β-oxidation the fatty acid chain is cleaved into 2-carbon acetyl groups, which are converted into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle ATP is used to activate the fatty acid every cleavage produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2

Image from: http://classes. midlandstech

How much energy in the form of ATP does this triglyceride produce? 17

Classwork/Homework Read 4.3 & review your notes. Complete 1-4, 7, 10 on pg 189 16