The First Global Age

1. Olmecs: 1st major American civilization from 1400BC to 500BC. 2. Mayas: 300-900 AD, influenced by the Olmecs. 3. Aztecs: late 1200s-1500s in Valley of Mexico. 4. Incas: 1400s along the Andes Mountains. 5. Terraces: Strips of land on steep hillsides.

Mesoamerican Civilizations

Mayas Geographic Location: Southern Mexico through much of Central America. Religion: Important, so priests held a high spot. Social Structure: Distinct social hierarchy, each city-state had a chief. Contributions: Giant pyramids, accurate 365 day calendar.

Incas Geographic Location: Along Andes Mountains down Pacific Coast. Religion: Affected all parts of life. Polytheistic. Social Structure: Nobles: Strong central government, Emperor was chief religious. Contributions: 12,000 miles of road, advanced medicine.

Aztecs Geography: North into middle of Mexico. Religion: Emperor chosen by religious. Priests had rituals to Gods. Social Structure: Religious, warriors/traders/, farmers/slaves. Contributions: Set broken bones, accurate calendar.

The Ming Dynasty in China

Why did China choose to isolate itself from foreign trade after 1433? To preserve ancient traditions which they thought were the best. Foreign trade had not brought enough profit.

Contributions of the Ming Brought back civil service reform. Fertilization. Industries such as porcelain, tools and paper. Repaired the canal system. Silk.

What attitude did Chinese have toward trade with Europe? The European goods were inferior and they didn’t want them.

How did Europeans feel about Chinese goods? They were impressed with Chinese products and they were fascinated with them.

The Ottoman Empire

Why is 1453 a significant date? The Ottomans captured Constantinople and overthrew the Byzantine empire and named it Istanbul and made it the capital of a Muslim empire.

Why is the conquest of Constantinople a significant event? It marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire and the end of the Byzantine empire.

How did the expansion of the Ottoman Empire affect European trade routes? Old trade routes (silk road) were disrupted (people stealing) so Europeans went looking for new ones (all water).

What factors contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire? Internal disorder. Government corruption, poor leadership. European advances: military technology, commercial revolution.

Exploration, Imperialism 1. Reconquista: Campaign by Christians in 700s to recapture Spain from Muslims. 2. Imperialism: Domination by 1 country over another politically, economically or socially. 3. Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods between Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas. 4. Encomienda System: Social Structure in New Spain. 5. Middle Passage: Trip of slaves across the Atlantic. 6. Mercantilism: Building up of wealth by exporting more than importing.

List the 3 reasons for Spanish expansion in the Americas. 3 G’s: Gold, Glory and God.

Describe how each technological advancement aided Europeans in their exploration:

Printing Press People gained access to new ideas and information which included geography.

Gunpowder Helped Portuguese win control of the Indian Ocean trade network.

Naval Technology Mapmakers created better maps. Astrolabe has to figure out latitude at sea.

Describe each explorer’s contribution:

Prince Henry Portuguese prince who helped develop navigational tools.

Bartholomeu Dias Rounded Cape of Good Hope in the tip of Africa.

Vasco de Gama 1st to make it to India.

Columbus Sailed West, made it to the New World.

Magellan 1st to travel around the world.

Why was Spain so successful in the Americas? 1. Use of weapons (armor, horses) 2. Found allies among Natives. 3. Diseases brought by Europeans.

Spanish Colonial Social Structure Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos and Mulattoes Native Americans and Slaves

What is Triangular Trade? Trade that involved Americas, Africa and Europe.

What is the Middle Passage? The journey of slaves across the Atlantic from Africa.

What were the causes of the slave trade? 1. Profitable business. 2. labor shortage on American plantations.

What were the effects of the slave trade? 1. Local wars in Africa. 2. Traditional African political structures were undermined.

Absolutism and the Puritan Revolution 1. Absolutism: Autocratic rulers who had complete control over the lives and people. 2. Philip II: King of Spain who expanded his power. 3. Divine Right: Agent of God: God gives right to rule. 4. Louis XIV: Sun King. Ruled France for 72 years and increased his power. 5. Peter the Great: Czar of Russia who wanted to westernize it. 6. Puritans: Wanted to purify the English church. 7. Oliver Cromwell: Led the Roundheads against the King in the Puritan Revolution. 8. Glorious Revolution: Nonviolent overthrow of James II by William and Mary. 9. English Bill of Rights: Set of acts passed by Parliament to give rights to people and keep control for them. 10. Limited Monarchy: Government in which a legislative body limits the monarchs power.

Global Absolutism

India Akbar the Great: Modernized army. Introduced land reforms. Promoted religious toleration.

Spain Phillip II: Believed in divine right. Used gold and silver to build an overseas empire.

France: Louis XIV: Expanded bureaucracy. Increased royal power. Persecuted Protestant Huguenots. Built Palace of Versailles.

Russia Ivan the Terrible: Used violence. Built personal police force.

Peter the Great: Westernized Russia. Gained control of the Russian Orthodox Church

What did absolute monarchs use to justify their power? Divine right.

In what ways did James and Charles assert their absolute power? 1. Putting enemies in prison without trial. 2. Imposing high taxes. 3. Angering Puritans. 4. Dissolving Parliament.

What were the causes of the English Civil War? Fight for control by the King (Cavaliers who were supporters of the King) and Parliament ((Roundheads and Puritans). Charles I was put on trial and beheaded in 1649.

Created the English Bill of Rights. What choices did the English Parliament make to assure a check on absolutism? Created the English Bill of Rights.

Describe the English Bill of Rights: Significance: Took power away from the King.

What it did: 1. King must meet regularly meet with Parliament. 2. King must give House of Commons (Parliament) financial control. 3. Abolished excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishment. 4. Affirmed Habeas corpus (not being held in jail without being charged).

What was the Toleration Act and why was it important? Granted Protestant dissenters Toleration. Allowed your own religion.