Eosinophilic Esophagitis: All That Burns is Not GERD May 19, 2012 AGA Spring Postgraduate Course Glenn T. Furuta Digestive Health Institute Childrens Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine

Do patients with EoE complain of heartburn? Percent and number of patients in study Study 29% of 21Alexander JA et al, % of 50Gonsalves N et al, % of 169Spergel J et al, % of 74Iwanczak B et al, % of 149Assa d et al, 2011 YES!

Practical Solutions for Your Everyday Clinical Management Problems Diagnostic criteria Diagnostic clues Therapeutic approach

Practical Solutions for Your Everyday Clinical Management Problems Diagnostic criteria – Distinguish between GERD and EoE Diagnostic clues Therapeutic approach

Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) Eosinophilic esophagitis represents a chronic, immune / antigen mediated, esophageal disease characterized clinically by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and histologically by eosinophil-predominant inflammation. Liacouras C et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011

How were Consensus Recommendations developed? Authorship New Pedi GI1591 Adult GI6148 Pathology531 Allergy new authors Furuta GT et al, Gastroenterology 2007 Liacouras C et al, J All Clin Immunol 2011

2011 Updated Consensus Report EoE is a clinico-pathologic disease Clinically characterized by esophageal dysfunction Pathologically 1 or more biopsies show eosinophil predominant inflammation (15+ eos in peak hpf) Histopathology is isolated to esophagus Other causes need to be excluded PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia Diagnosis made by clinicians Rarely < 15 eos/hpf (if other clinicopathologic features present) Liacouras C et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011

PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Eosinophilic Esophagitis Something else? Spechler S et al 2007 Cheng E et al Gut 2012 and DDW 2012

EE to EoE Chronic Immune / antigen driven Other changes Liacouras C et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011

Exclude other causes of esophageal eosinophilia Liacouras, et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011

Practical Solutions for Your Everyday Clinical Management Problems Diagnostic criteria Diagnostic clues – Heartburn / coping mechanisms Therapeutic approach

Clinical Features- Children GERD symptoms Abdominal pain, vomiting Feeding dysfunction Coping mechanisms- avoid highly textured and bulky foods, cut food into small pieces, lubricating foods, extensive chewing / long meals

Clinical Features-Adults Chest pain-with alcohol Food impaction-ask 2 questions – Netherlands- 2 of 59 patients with FBI van der Sluis et al DDW 2012 – Australia-6.2% to 23% over a decade Mahesh et al DDW 2012 Dysphagia- – 10 year period of 1371 cases – EoE increased from 1.6 to 11% Kidami et al DDW 2012 Straumann A et al, Allergy 2012

Histological features Liacouras C et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011

Esophageal epithelial eosinophilia Requires clinical dissection – Phenotypes – Quantification – Detection devices Lee et al DDW 2012 Gupta et al DDW 2012 Bohm M et al J Clin Gastroenterol 2011 Molina-Infante et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 Halsey KD et al, Dis Esophagus 2012 Hurrell JM et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2012 Lee J et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 Sridhara S et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 Diniz LO et al, Pediatr Radiol 2012 Racial differences in EoE?

Esophageal epithelial eosinophilia Requires clinical dissection – Clinical phenotypes – Quantification – Detection devices Molina-Infante et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 Bohm M et al J Clin Gastroenterol 2011 Halsey KD et al, Dis Esophagus 2012 Hurrell JM et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2012 Lee J et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 Sridhara S et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 Diniz LO et al, Pediatr Radiol 2012 PPI responsiveness

Esophageal epithelial eosinophilia Demands pathophysiological investigation – Chemotactic factors – Functional features – Therapeutic targets Menard-Katcher C et al DDW 2012 Lu TX et al J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Kagalwalla AF et al J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Lu TX et al Mucosal Immunol 2012 Mavi P AM J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012 Persad R et al J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012 miR expression patterns in EoE

Diagnostic clues / cautions Family history of- – Esophageal dilations – Connective tissue diseases – Recalcitrant GERD Pretreated mucosa-i.e. use of topical steroids for other atopic diseases may diminish esophageal inflammation Alimi et al DDW 2012

Diagnostic clues / cautions Normal endoscopy in past does not rule out EoE. – Or maybe it does? Hauser et al DDW 2012-Belguim Le et al DDW 2012-Oklahoma Abnormal endoscopy / histology is not diagnostic of EoE.

Practical Solutions for Your Everyday Clinical Management Problems Diagnostic criteria Diagnostic clues Therapeutic approach – Balance impact of treatment with quality of life

Treatments Steroids-topical and systemic Diet exclusions – 6 food elimination – Tailored diet – Elemental diet Dilation – Medical / nutritional pre-treatment – Through the scope vs. Bougie

Medical treatments Fluticasone Alexander JA et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 Lucendo AJ et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 Abu-Sultaneh SM et al, Dig Dis Sci 2011 Peterson KA et al, Dig Dis Sci 2010 Konikoff MR et al, Gastroenterology 2006 Teitelbaum J et al, Gastroenterology 2002 Faubion WA et al, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 Budesonide Straumann A et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 Straumann A et al, Gastroenterology 2010 Dohil R et al, Gastroenterology 2010 Aceves SS et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2007 Ciclesonide Schroeder S et al JACI 2012 Leukotriene receptor antagonists? Lexmond et al DDW 2012

Fluticasone 21 FP treated subjects compared to 21 placebo 6 week trial Histology significantly improved Symptoms improved (not significantly) in both groups Thrush developed in 26% Alexander JA et al Clin Gastro Hepatol 2012

Budesonide Oral viscous budesonide – Randomized placebo controlled study – OVB=15, placebo-9 – Significant reduction in symptoms and eosinophilia Dohil et al Gastroenterology 2010

Ciclesonide Converted by epithelial esterases to form the biologically potent desisobutryl-ciclesonide (des-CIC) Less absorption than other topical steroids

Esterases are expressed by esophageal epithelia Schroeder S et al J All Clin Immunol children-(4-16 years) 8 week treatment Clinicopathological response in all

Diet exclusions-adults and children 6 food elimination-75% – Gonsalves N et al, Gastroenterology 2012 – Kagalwalla AF et al, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011 – Kagalwalla AF et al, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Tailored diet-33%-90% – Molina-Infante et al DDW 2012 – Spergel J et al, Gastrointest Endosc Clin NA 2008 Elemental diet-95% – Markowitz JE et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2003 – Kelly K et al, Gastroenterology 1995

Six food elimination diet (SFED) 50 adults 6 weeks Clinicopathological remission with SFED Eosinophilia returned when diet liberalized Gonsalves et al, Gastroenterology 2012

Treatments Dilation considerations – Medical / nutritional pre-treatment? Kavitt et al DDW 2012 – Through the scope or bougie? Dhalla et al DDW 2012 Madanick RD et al, Gastrointest Endosc 2011 Jung KW et al, Gastrointest Endosc 2011 Bohm M et al, Dis Esophagus 2010 Dellon ES et al, Gastrointest Endosc 2011 Schoepfer AM et al, Am J Gastroenterol 2010

Biological- Reslizumab-(anti-IL-5 antibody) 226 children (mean age-12 +/1 4) 3 doses and placebo 12 weeks Histological response with treatment Treatment and placebo symptom response Spergel JM et al, J Allerg Clin Immunol 2012

Treatment Strategies Induce clinical remission-yes Induce histological remission- – In our experience-yes – What defines histological remission-? – Does this prevent complications-? Balance benefits of treatment (disease complications) with treatment complications and impact of treatment on quality of life.

EoE Complications Esophageal stricture – Weber et al DDW 2012 Esophageal food / foreign body impaction Feeding dysfunction / malnutrition

Treatment complications Topical and systemic steroids Diet / nutritional exclusions – Malnutrition – Diminished quality of life Menard-Katcher P et al DDW 2012 Bajaj et al DDW 2012 Taft TH et al, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011 Dilation – Perforation – Pain

Practical Solutions for Your Everyday Clinical Management Problems Rule out other causes of inflammation Symptoms may be occult-ask 2 questions Treatment choices are increasing and endpoints are undergoing definition.

Thank you for your attention!