Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)

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Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Class 4. Treasure hunt – hide candy. Instead of a “hot”/”cold”, use “yea”/”boo”. Based on treasure hunt, what do you think operant conditioning is? Have students brainstorm.

Operant conditioning “Organisms associate their own actions with consequences. Behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer, or diminished if followed by a punisher.” Class 4. Consequences can be negative or positive.

Operant Chamber A box with a bar that an animal presses to release a reward Reward can be food or water Class 4. Consequences can be negative or positive.

Operant Chamber Skinner’s Box Class 4.

Operant Chamber Food reinforced the desired behaviour Any consequence that strengthens behaviour – Reinforcement Procedure called shaping Only reinforce desired behaviour Class 4.

Reinforcement Two types of reinforcement: Positive reinforcement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk Strengthen a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response Other examples? Class 4.

Operant conditioning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4&feature=fvwrel Class 4. Skinner wanted to show people the kinds of results you could get by using positive reinforcement.

Reinforcement Two types of reinforcement: 2. Negative reinforcement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHhcidCoGAE Strengthen a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus Other examples? Class 4.

Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement If a desired response is reinforced every time it occurs Partial (intermittent) reinforcement Responses are sometimes reinforced, but not always Class 5.

Reinforcement Partial (intermittent) reinforcement slower initial learning, but greater resistance to extinction NYC pedestrian traffic signals Slot machines What are some ways you can use reinforcement to help you with your schoolwork? What about in your home life?

Reinforcement and Skinner One of the most controversial figures of his time Advocated administering rewards that promoted desirable behaviours “Notice people doing something right and affirm them for it”. Class 6. External influences shape behaviour, not internal thoughts and feelings.

Operant conditioning: Punishment Opposite of reinforcement Any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behaviour Tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do Class 5.

Punishment Two types of punishment: Positive punishment Administer an aversive stimulus Ex) Spanking, parking ticket Negative punishment Withdraw a desirable stimulus Ex) Revoked driver’s license, time-out Class 5. Ask students to come up with examples of positive and negative punishment.

Punishment Punished behaviour never forgotten - suppressed Increases aggressiveness Creates fear, helplessness, depression Does not guide behaviour (tells you what not to do) Punishment teaches you how to avoid it Class 6.