Anatomy & Physiology OMHS The Skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology OMHS

I. Functions of Bone Support – provides framework, supports soft tissues and provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles Protection – internal organs are protected by skeleton, ex. Heart and lungs are protected by ribs

Functions - continued 3. Movement – when muscles contract, they pull on bones and produce movement 4. Mineral Storage – homeostasis mechanism that deposits and removes calcium and phosphorus on demand

Functions - continued 5. Blood Cell production – red bone marrow produces blood cells; a process called hematopoiesis 6. Storage of energy – yellow bone marrow stores lipids, an important source of chemical energy

II. Classification of bones Bones are grouped according to their shape Long – legs, toes, arms, fingers Short- wrist, ankle Flat – cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulas Irregular – vertebrae

III. Histology of Bone Tissue The matrix consists of mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) Bone may be classified as compact or spongy

Histology of Bone Tissue (cont.) Compact Bone – dense layer of bone containing Haversian canal, lamellae (rings of matrix); between lamellae are lacunae that house the osteocytes. Spongy bone – has irregular spaces that help reduce the weight of the bone; the site of hemopoiesis

Hemopoiesis (or Hematopoiesis) The process through which blood cells are formed and differentiated into … red cells (erythrocytes) – most abundant white cells (leukocytes) – defense system platelets (thrombocytes) – clotting agents

Histology of Bone Tissue (cont.) Diaphysis – shaft of bone; contains compact bone surrounding yellow marrow (fat storage) Epiphysis –ends of bone; made of spongy bone (site of hematopoiesis) Periosteum- tough connective tissue that covers the bone; continuous with tendons and ligaments

Bone Cells Osteoprogenitor cells (bone stem cells) give rise to osteoblasts. (baby bone cell) Osteoblasts - cells that form bone; when they become isolated in the matrix, they become mature bone cells (teenager) Osteocytes – mature bone cells (grandfather) Osteoclasts - function in reabsorption of bone (they destroy bone) (cut down bone)

Bone Hardening Osteoblasts lay down the osteiod matrix (protein) in lamellae or layers. The calcified or hard salts of the matrix are laid down later. The salts come from the blood supply (Haversian canal) and move through the lamallae using the canaliculi (small tubes throughout matrix). Bone growth & hardening is stimulated by stress. Therefore, exercise is important to maintain bone health.

Homeostasis of bone tissue (cont) Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are constantly reforming and restructuring bone; but the total mass of bone remains fairly constant When the body needs calcium, osteoclasts destroy bone to release calcium into the bloodstream Therefore, you must include calcium in your diet so that osteoblasts can re-form bone

Minerals – calcium and phosphorus must be included in the diet Homeostasis (cont.) Minerals – calcium and phosphorus must be included in the diet Vitamins – vit. D is required for the absorption of calcium; vit. C is required to maintain the matrix; vit. A regulates bone remodeling activity; vit. B12 may also help

Hormones needed for bone tissue activity: Homeostasis (cont.) Hormones needed for bone tissue activity: 1. Human growth hormone is responsible for the growth of bones 2. Estrogen & testosterone aid in new bone growth 3. Calcitonin promotes bone formation and decreases blood calcium level 4. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium level (promotes destr. of bone)

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is caused when a person’s bone density drops significantly. Osteoporosis happens when osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity. It is especially prevalent is post-menopausal women because of the drop in estrogen. Treatments – increase in hormones such as calcitonin, testosterone, & estrogen. Exercise is also beneficial because increases stress on the bone which aids in bone development.

6 Different Types of Synovial Joints: V. Types of Joints 3 types of joints: Fibrous- skull Cartilaginous- vertebrae Synovial- articulating bones 6 Different Types of Synovial Joints: Ball and socket (hip) Ellipsoidal (metacarpals) Gliding (wrist) Hinge (elbow) Pivot (ulna & radius) Saddle (wrist & thumb)

V. Types of Joints

1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Ellipsoid joint (Condyloid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

Bone Marrow Transplant When bone marrow is transplanted it is taken from the donor during surgery using a long needle inserted into the superior end of the femur (2% of bone marrow is taken). The bone marrow is then given intravenously (IV- through the vein) into the circulatory system. The bone marrow then travels to the bones, since it is a stem cell it replicates quickly and takes root in all of the bones.